The effects of emotionality and collaboration on false memories

最近，人们对虚假记忆或对从未发生过的事件的记忆这一概念产生了相当大的兴趣。最近的错误记忆研究范式是由Roediger和McDermott（1995）在Deese（1959）早期研究的基础上发展起来的，被称为Deese-Roediger-McDermott （DRM）范式。在这个DRM范例中，参与者被要求学习所有与相同的关键未呈现单词在语义上相关的单词列表。每个列表由15个列表单词组成，这些单词与一个关键的未呈现单词相关。一个关键的非呈现词“sleep”的例子是：bed， rest, awake, tired, dream, wake, night, blanket, doze, slept, sonore, pillow, peace,yawn, drowsy。他们的实验显示，在单独测试的参与者中，错误回忆和错误识别的程度非常高。本研究分为三个部分。首先，我简要回顾了编码、材料、参与者和记忆测试的操作实验，以及它们如何影响DRM范式下的错误回忆和错误识别。然后，我简要地评价了DRM范式中几种解释的主要优点和缺点。在第二部分，我提出了四个实验，以确定消极情绪状态对错误回忆和后来的错误识别的关键非呈现词的影响。通过音乐情绪诱导实验，实验对象被诱导出一种特定的情绪状态，然后学习一长串语义相关的消极语气词汇。最后，我报告了四个实验，以调查合作记忆是否会产生相对于个人记忆的错误记忆。参与者被要求学习和回忆5个包含15个日语单词的列表，这些单词在语义上都与同一个关键的未呈现的单词相关。在研究完所有的单词表后，一半的参与者自己又回忆起了这些单词。剩下的一半被分成两组，一起回忆。少

Recently there has been considerable interest in the idea of false memories or memories for events that never actually happened. One recently paradigm for false memory research was developed by Roediger and McDermott (1995), based on earlier research by Deese (1959), and is known as the Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) paradigm. In this DRM paradigm, participants are asked to learn lists of words that are all semantically associated with the same critical non-presented word. Each list was composed of 15 list words related to one critical non-presented word. An example of a list for the critical non-presented word 'sleep' is: bed, rest, awake, tired, dream, wake, night, blanket, doze, slumber, sonore, pillow, peace,yawn, drowsy. Their experiments revealed remarkable levels of false recall and false recognition in participants tested individually. This research is divided into three parts. In the first, I briefly review the experiments with manipulations of encoding, materials, participant … More s and memory tests, and how they influence false recall and false recognition in the DRM paradigm. Then I make a brief evaluation of the main strengths and weaknesses of several explanations in the DRM paradigm. In the second, I present four experiments to determine the effect of negative mood state on false recall and later false recognition of critical non-presented words. Participants were experimentally induced a particular mood state by musical mood induction procedure and then studied a long list of semantically related negative-toned words. Finally I report four experiments to investigate whether collaborative rememberingcreates false memories relative to individual recollection. Participants were asked to study and recall five lists of 15 Japanese words that were all semantically associated with the same critical non-presented word. After study the all lists, half participants recalled the words again on their own. The remaining half was assigned to pairs and recalled them collaboratively. Less