The effects of emotionality and collaboration on false memories

最近，人们对错误记忆或对从未发生过的事件的记忆的概念产生了相当大的兴趣。最近Roediger和McDermott（1995）在Deese（1959）早期研究的基础上发展了一种错误记忆研究范式，称为Deese-Roediger-McDermott（DRM）范式。在这种DRM范例中，参与者被要求学习与同一个关键的非呈现词语义相关的单词列表。每个列表由15个与一个关键的非呈现词相关的列表词组成。关键的非呈现词“睡眠”的列表的示例是：床、休息、醒、累、梦、醒、夜、毯子、打瞌睡、睡眠、声纳、枕头、和平、打哈欠、昏昏欲睡。他们的实验显示，在单独测试的参与者中，错误回忆和错误识别的水平非常高。本研究分为三个部分。首先，我简要回顾了操纵编码、材料、参与者的实验， 关于我们 和记忆测试，以及它们如何影响DRM范式中的错误回忆和错误识别。然后，我对DRM范式中的几种解释的主要优点和缺点进行了简要的评价。在第二部分中，我提出了四个实验，以确定负面情绪状态的影响，错误的回忆和后来的错误识别的关键非呈现的话。受试者通过音乐情绪诱导程序诱导一种特定的情绪状态，然后研究一长串语义相关的消极语气词。最后，我报告了四个实验，以调查是否协作记忆创建相对于个人回忆错误的记忆。参与者被要求研究和回忆五个15个日语单词的列表，这些单词在语义上都与同一个关键的非呈现单词相关。在学习完所有的单词后，一半的参与者自己再次回忆了这些单词。剩下的一半被分配到两人一组，并合作回忆他们。少

Recently there has been considerable interest in the idea of false memories or memories for events that never actually happened. One recently paradigm for false memory research was developed by Roediger and McDermott (1995), based on earlier research by Deese (1959), and is known as the Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) paradigm. In this DRM paradigm, participants are asked to learn lists of words that are all semantically associated with the same critical non-presented word. Each list was composed of 15 list words related to one critical non-presented word. An example of a list for the critical non-presented word 'sleep' is: bed, rest, awake, tired, dream, wake, night, blanket, doze, slumber, sonore, pillow, peace,yawn, drowsy. Their experiments revealed remarkable levels of false recall and false recognition in participants tested individually. This research is divided into three parts. In the first, I briefly review the experiments with manipulations of encoding, materials, participant … More s and memory tests, and how they influence false recall and false recognition in the DRM paradigm. Then I make a brief evaluation of the main strengths and weaknesses of several explanations in the DRM paradigm. In the second, I present four experiments to determine the effect of negative mood state on false recall and later false recognition of critical non-presented words. Participants were experimentally induced a particular mood state by musical mood induction procedure and then studied a long list of semantically related negative-toned words. Finally I report four experiments to investigate whether collaborative rememberingcreates false memories relative to individual recollection. Participants were asked to study and recall five lists of 15 Japanese words that were all semantically associated with the same critical non-presented word. After study the all lists, half participants recalled the words again on their own. The remaining half was assigned to pairs and recalled them collaboratively. Less