Historical Study of the Commerce in Java in the 19th and the 20th Century

在爪哇殖民后期，荷兰殖民政府几乎没有系统的商业政策。商品基本上在邻近地区之间飞行，但一些商品，如大米和稻谷，烟草，牲畜和蜡染被运往遥远的地区，北部沿海地区甚至与外岛有频繁的商业关系。以大米为例，主要产区不仅出口到低生产力地区，而且还出口到高生产力的产业地区。19世纪下半叶以来铁路网的建设，发展了远流和碾米业，使中国商人对大米贸易的控制更加有力，但这并没有导致当地大米贸易的减少。在北部沿海地区，三宝朗-切里本蒸汽电车成为流量增加的引擎，与purahu竞争，扩大了其运输份额，尽管后者仍然运输大部分本地市场的糖，肥皂，水泥，肥料，花生，钢铁和块糖。因此，当地的交通活动减少，特别是在与有轨电车平行的长距离，但同时也观察到新的发展。当地的陆上运输开始了车站与车站之间的运输，purahu开辟了新的贸易路线，没有电车连接。人流的增加也影响了人们的产业。由于石油的流入，作为灯油原料之一的蓖麻油的种植大大减少，而欧洲的棉织品又打击了棉花的种植和纺织业。相反，有轨电车扩大了销售机会，大大发展了北卡隆岸的蜡染工业和腰带制造业。

In late colonial Java, the Dutch Colonial Government had almost no systematic commercial policy. The commercial goods flew basically between the neighboring regions, but some goods like rice and paddy, tobacco, livestock and batiks were transported to much distant regions, and the north coastal regions had frequent commercial relations even with the Outer Islands. In case of rice, the main producing regions exported not only to the regions of low productivity but also to the estate regions with its high productivity. The construction of the railway-network since the latter half of the 19th century developed its distant flow and also the rice milling industries, resulting in the stronger control of the rice commerce by the Chinese merchant, which didn't, however, lead to the diminishment of the native rice commerce. In the north coastal region the Semarang-Cheribon Steamtram became the engine of the increasing flow and magnified its transportation share competing with the purahu, notwithstanding the fact that the latter continued to transport the most of sugar for native market, soap, cement, fertilizer, peanut, steel and lump sugar. Thus the activity of the native transportation decreased especially in the long distance parallel with the tram-line, but at the same time new development was observed. The native transportation in land began conveyance to and from the stations and the purahu opened new trading routes to the regions without the tram connection. The increase in the flow also influenced the people's industry. The cultivation of castor oil plant, one of the materials for lamp oil, decreased much by the flow of petroleum, and the European cotton goods hit the cultivation of cotton and the weaving industry. On the contrary, the widened opportunity for sale which the tram created developed much the batik industry and the manufacturing of abdominal belt in Pekalongan.