A study on the Influences of the Great Depression upon the socio-econonmic structures of the villages in Java

在这项研究中，我们主要分析了大萧条对甘蔗种植园周围村庄农民社会分层的影响。由于世界市场糖价较低，爪哇的甘蔗种植园当时大大缩小了种植面积。这对甘蔗种植园周围的农民来说，意味着他们的主要收入来源消失了，因为他们中的许多人失去了甘蔗地的工作，而且他们借来种甘蔗的稻田也得不到足够的租金。在这种情况下，富裕的农民受到的打击最大，因为在那之前，他们通过放贷从广阔的稻田中获得了大量的甘蔗种植园。因此，他们经常抵制废止土地租约的提议。在苏腊巴亚等稻田公有制盛行的地区，这一阶层的农民通常属于村官，因此这些抵抗采取了村庄抵抗的形式。相反，在贝苏基这样的地区，几乎所有稻田都归个人所有，在这些抵抗活动中，发挥主导作用的是缺席的大地主。这些情况表明，爪哇农民的社会分层一直持续到那时，在大萧条期间变得缓慢得多。

In this study we analzed mainly the influences of the Great Depression on the social stratification of the peasants in the villages around the sugar-plantations. Because of the lower sugar price in the world market sugar-plantations in Java narrowed their planting area much at that time. The meaning of this for the peasants around the sugar-plantations is the vanishment of their main sources of cash-income because a lot of them lost their job in the sugar-cane fields and also they couldn't get enough rent of their rice-fields which they had lent out for cultivating sugar-cane. It is the well-to-do peasants who were hitted most in these situations since they had got much gain from the sugar-plantations until then through lending out of their wide rice-fields. So they often resisted to the proposed nulification of the land lease. In the regions such as Surabaya where communal ownership o f rice-fields was prevalent this class of peasants usually belonged to the village officials, and so these resistances took the form of village's resistance. On the contrary it was the large absentee landlords who played leading rolls in these resistances in the region such as Besuki where almost all the rice-fields were owned in individual ownership. These circumstances suggest that social stratification of the peasants in Java, which had gone on until then, became much slower during the Great Depression.