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A Study of the People's Tobacco Industries in the Late Colonial Java

爪哇殖民时期晚期人民烟草业的研究

基本信息

批准号：
16520418
负责人：
UEMURA Yasuo
金额：
$ 2.48万
依托单位：
Hiroshima University
依托单位国家：
日本
项目类别：
Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C)
财政年份：
2004
资助国家：
日本
起止时间：
2004 至 2007
项目状态：
已结题

项目摘要

This study explored the people's tobacco industries in the late colonial Java from four sides, i. e. the commercial agriculture of the people, the trade and distribution of tobacco, manufacturing of kretek tobacco, and the consumption, and clarified the following. (1) The planting and processing methods of tobacco for the domestic market in the first half of the 20th century, which were on high technical level, did not differ from those at the beginning of the 19th century. (2) This cultivation was profitable for the peasants' economy. (3) Where the planting for the European market coexisted, the peasants chose the buyers viewing the market conditions. (4) In the tobacco trade Chinese merchants occupied the dominant position who, however, could not control the peasants one-sidedly despite the advances they offered. (5) Until about 1910 tobacco produced in the mountainous regions of central Java transported to west Java along the north coast and that in the residency Rembang was distributed eastward, but this division of the market was broken due to the expansion of Kedu tobacco eastward as a result of opening the railways like Semarang-Cheribon Stoomtram and of the development of kretek industries in Kudus, etc. (6) Processing tobacco into strootje, cigar or cigarette began in about 1850, and proceeded at full swing in the 1910s when keen competition arose among the imported cigarettes, locally produced ones and strootjes. (7) In the 1930s, due to the depression, consumption of the expensive imported cigarette decreased much and that of hand-made one and strootje increased, which were in turn challenged by the cheaper hand-rolled cigarette or strootje. These points can be clarified only by consulting the documents of the railway companies at the time which were in the possession of the National Archives of the Netherlands.

本研究从四个方面探讨殖民后期爪哇民众的烟草业：e.人民的商业性农业、烟草贸易和销售、克雷泰克烟草的制造和消费，并澄清了以下问题。(1)世纪上半叶国内市场的烟草种植和加工方法，技术水平很高，与19世纪世纪初没有什么不同。(2)这种耕作对农民的经济是有利的。(3)在为欧洲市场种植作物的地方，农民根据市场情况选择买主。(4)在烟草贸易中，中国商人占据了主导地位，但他们不能单方面控制农民，尽管他们提供了进步。(5)直到大约1910年，中爪哇山区生产的烟草沿着北海岸沿着运往西爪哇，而仁邦的烟草则向东分销，但由于三宝垄-切里本-斯托姆电车等铁路的开通以及库都的克雷泰克工业的发展，克都烟草向东扩张，这种市场分工被打破，（6）将烟草加工成雪茄烟、雪茄或卷烟始于1850年左右，到1910年代，当进口卷烟、本地卷烟和雪茄烟之间出现激烈竞争时，烟草加工业得到了全面发展。(7)20世纪30年代，由于经济萧条，昂贵的进口卷烟消费量大幅下降，手工卷烟和史楚杰卷烟的消费量增加，这反过来又受到了廉价的手工卷烟或史楚杰卷烟的挑战。只有查阅荷兰国家档案馆所拥有的铁路公司当时的文件，才能澄清这些问题。