A Study of the People's Tobacco Industries in the Late Colonial Java

本研究从民间的商业农业、烟草的贸易与流通、kretek烟草的制造、消费四个方面对爪哇殖民后期的民间烟草工业进行了探讨，并阐明了以下几点。(1) 20世纪上半叶面向国内市场的烟草种植和加工方法与19世纪初相比，技术水平较高。这种耕作有利于农民的经济。(3)在同时种植欧洲市场作物的情况下，农民根据市场情况选择买家。(4)在烟草贸易中，中国商人占据主导地位，但他们不能单方面控制农民，尽管他们提供了进步。(5)直到大约1910年，中部爪哇山区生产的烟草沿着北海岸运往西爪哇，而居住在伦邦的烟草向东分布，但由于三宝朗-切里本铁路等铁路的开通以及库德斯的kretek工业的发展等，克都烟草向东扩张，这种市场划分被打破了。(6)烟草加工成strootje，雪茄或卷烟开始于1850年左右。20世纪10年代，当进口香烟、本地生产的香烟和strootjes之间的激烈竞争加剧时，这一趋势得到了全面发展。(7) 20世纪30年代，由于经济萧条，昂贵的进口卷烟消费量大幅下降，手工卷烟和strootje的消费量增加，而更便宜的手工卷烟或strootje又对其提出了挑战。这些观点只能通过查阅荷兰国家档案馆所拥有的当时铁路公司的文件来澄清。

This study explored the people's tobacco industries in the late colonial Java from four sides, i. e. the commercial agriculture of the people, the trade and distribution of tobacco, manufacturing of kretek tobacco, and the consumption, and clarified the following. (1) The planting and processing methods of tobacco for the domestic market in the first half of the 20th century, which were on high technical level, did not differ from those at the beginning of the 19th century. (2) This cultivation was profitable for the peasants' economy. (3) Where the planting for the European market coexisted, the peasants chose the buyers viewing the market conditions. (4) In the tobacco trade Chinese merchants occupied the dominant position who, however, could not control the peasants one-sidedly despite the advances they offered. (5) Until about 1910 tobacco produced in the mountainous regions of central Java transported to west Java along the north coast and that in the residency Rembang was distributed eastward, but this division of the market was broken due to the expansion of Kedu tobacco eastward as a result of opening the railways like Semarang-Cheribon Stoomtram and of the development of kretek industries in Kudus, etc. (6) Processing tobacco into strootje, cigar or cigarette began in about 1850, and proceeded at full swing in the 1910s when keen competition arose among the imported cigarettes, locally produced ones and strootjes. (7) In the 1930s, due to the depression, consumption of the expensive imported cigarette decreased much and that of hand-made one and strootje increased, which were in turn challenged by the cheaper hand-rolled cigarette or strootje. These points can be clarified only by consulting the documents of the railway companies at the time which were in the possession of the National Archives of the Netherlands.