An Evolutionary Psychology Approach to the Development of Children's Strategies in 'Fights'

儿童“打架”策略发展的进化心理学方法

• 批准号: 13610162
• 负责人: SAEKI Yutaka
• 金额: $ 1.86万
• 依托单位: AOYAMA GAKUIN UNIVERSITY
• 依托单位国家: 日本
• 项目类别: Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C)
• 财政年份: 2001
• 资助国家: 日本
• 起止时间: 2001 至 2002
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/grant/KAKENHI-PROJECT-13610162/
• 关键词: evolutionary psychology; Tit-for-Tat strategy; children's fight; pretended fight; three-year old children; four-year old children; theory of mind

The present study takes an evolutionary psychology approach to the development of children's social skills for group activities. Especially, we focus on the development of children's strategies in "fights" (including, playful, or pretended, "rights"). It is a well-known fact that the strategy called "Tit-for-Tat" (TFT) is an Evolutionarily Stable Strategy (ESS), which leads to mutual cooperation in repeated Prisoner's Dilemma Games. In TFT strategy, the player takes non-cooperative action only if the opponent is non-cooperative. The hypothesis of the present study is that preschool (from 3-5 year old) children would have a innate tendency to adopt TFT-like strategies (variations of the strategy based upon TFT principle) in conflicting situations, such as "fights," including playful fights. We adopted following methods to examine the validity of the present hypothesis. (1) Participatory observations of children's playful activities in kindergartens or nursery schools, (2) Analysis of fa … More iry tales and old legends dealing with resolving conflicts or fights against enemies, to see whether or not the TFT-like strategies are taken as the "best" solution, and (3) Evolutionary Game Analysis by constructing a game-theoretic model for children's group activities in kindergarten. Results indicated that 4-yr old children could takes TFT-like strategies in conflicting situations, while 3-year old children could not take such a strategy. This result corresponds to the results of "Theory of Mind" experiments indicating that 3-yr old children would not understand other people's "mind." The analysis of fairy tales and legends indicated that the TFT-like strategies were frequently taken as the best solution in resolving conflicts against enemies. Game theoretic analysis indicated that the "leader" in group plays would be shaped up through the game-theoretic negotiations among children. Making a "leader" to follow was the most "adaptive" choice for "followers" and making "followers" to follow was also the most adaptive choice for a "leader" in a pay-off relations in children's plays. Less

本研究从进化心理学的角度探讨了儿童群体活动中社会技能的发展。特别是，我们专注于发展儿童的战略，在“战斗”（包括，好玩的，或假装，“权利”）。众所周知，“达特”（TFT）策略是一种进化稳定策略（ESS），它导致重复囚徒困境博弈中的相互合作。在TFT策略中，只有当对手不合作时，参与者才采取不合作行动。本研究的假设是，学龄前（3-5岁）儿童将有一个先天的倾向，采用TFT类策略（基于TFT原则的策略的变化）在冲突的情况下，如“打架”，包括嬉戏的战斗。我们采用以下方法来检验本假设的有效性。(1)幼儿园儿童游戏活动的初步观察（2）游戏活动的特征分析 ...更多信息 （3）演化博弈分析法，建构幼儿园团体活动的博弈理论模型。结果表明，4岁儿童在冲突情境中能采取类似TFT的策略，而3岁儿童在冲突情境中不能采取类似TFT的策略。这一结果与“心理理论”实验的结果相一致，即3岁的儿童不会理解他人的“心理”。“对童话和传说的分析表明，TFT式的策略经常被视为解决与敌人冲突的最佳解决方案。博弈论分析表明，儿童群体游戏中的“领导者”是通过博弈论协商形成的。在儿童游戏的支付关系中，让“领导者”跟随是“跟随者”最“适应性”的选择，让“跟随者”跟随也是“领导者”最适应性的选择。少

项目成果

Saeki, Y., & Moridaira, N., Saeki, Y., & Kameda, T. (Eds.): "An Evolutionary Game Analysis for Children's Group-making Behavior"Shinka-Game to Sono Tenkai, Kyoritsu-Shuppan. 278-306

佐伯，Y.，

Saeki, Y. (Ed.): "An Evolutionary Psychology Approach to the Development of Children's Strategies in 'Fights' (Report)"Aoyama Gakuin University. 86 (2003)

Saeki, Y.（主编）：“儿童‘打架’策略发展的进化心理学方法（报告）”青山学院大学。

刑部 育子: "ビデオデータを用いた保育場面のエスノメソドロジー的分析"野嶋栄一郎(編)『教育実践を記述する』金子書房. 101-114 (2002)

Ikuko Gyobu：“使用视频数据对儿童保育环境进行民族方法学分析”Eiichiro Nojima (ed.) 描述教育实践，Kaneko Shobo 101-114 (2002)。

佐伯 胖: "遊びと学びの「渾然一体」をとりもどす"幼稚園じほう. 29・11. 5-11 (2002)

佐伯胜：“恢复游戏与学习的和谐统一”幼儿园事后29·11（2002）。

刑部 育子: "ビデオレターを用いた保育場面のエスノメソドロジー的分析"野嶋栄一郎『教育実践を記述する』金子書房. 101-114 (2002)

Ikuko Gyobu：“使用视频信件对儿童保育环境进行民族方法学分析”Eiichiro Nojima，描述教育实践，Kaneko Shobo 101-114 (2002)。