An Evolutionary Psychology Approach to the Development of Children's Strategies in 'Fights'

本研究采用进化心理学的方法来研究儿童群体活动社交技能的发展。我们特别关注儿童在“战斗”中的策略发展（包括，好玩的，或假装的，“权利”）。众所周知，在重复囚徒困境博弈中，“以牙还牙”策略是一种进化稳定策略（ESS）。在TFT策略中，只有当对手不合作时，玩家才会采取不合作的行动。本研究的假设是，学龄前儿童（3-5岁）在冲突的情况下，如“打架”，包括好玩的打架，会有一种天生的倾向，采用类似TFT的策略（基于TFT原则的策略变体）。我们采用以下方法来检验当前假设的有效性。(1)对幼儿园儿童的游戏活动进行参与式观察；(2)分析更多关于解决冲突或对抗敌人的城市故事和古老传说，看看是否采用类似tft的策略作为“最佳”解决方案；(3)通过构建幼儿园儿童群体活动的博弈论模型进行进化博弈分析。结果表明，4岁儿童可以在冲突情境中采取TFT-like策略，而3岁儿童不能采取TFT-like策略。这一结果与“心智理论”实验的结果相一致，即3岁的孩子无法理解他人的“心智”。对童话和传说的分析表明，在解决与敌人的冲突时，往往采用类似tft的策略作为最佳解决方案。博弈论分析表明，群体游戏中的“领导者”是通过儿童之间的博弈论谈判形成的。对于“追随者”来说，选择一个“领导者”来跟随是最“适应性”的选择，而对于儿童游戏中的“领导者”来说，选择一个“追随者”来跟随也是最“适应性”的选择。少

The present study takes an evolutionary psychology approach to the development of children's social skills for group activities. Especially, we focus on the development of children's strategies in "fights" (including, playful, or pretended, "rights"). It is a well-known fact that the strategy called "Tit-for-Tat" (TFT) is an Evolutionarily Stable Strategy (ESS), which leads to mutual cooperation in repeated Prisoner's Dilemma Games. In TFT strategy, the player takes non-cooperative action only if the opponent is non-cooperative. The hypothesis of the present study is that preschool (from 3-5 year old) children would have a innate tendency to adopt TFT-like strategies (variations of the strategy based upon TFT principle) in conflicting situations, such as "fights," including playful fights. We adopted following methods to examine the validity of the present hypothesis. (1) Participatory observations of children's playful activities in kindergartens or nursery schools, (2) Analysis of fa … More iry tales and old legends dealing with resolving conflicts or fights against enemies, to see whether or not the TFT-like strategies are taken as the "best" solution, and (3) Evolutionary Game Analysis by constructing a game-theoretic model for children's group activities in kindergarten. Results indicated that 4-yr old children could takes TFT-like strategies in conflicting situations, while 3-year old children could not take such a strategy. This result corresponds to the results of "Theory of Mind" experiments indicating that 3-yr old children would not understand other people's "mind." The analysis of fairy tales and legends indicated that the TFT-like strategies were frequently taken as the best solution in resolving conflicts against enemies. Game theoretic analysis indicated that the "leader" in group plays would be shaped up through the game-theoretic negotiations among children. Making a "leader" to follow was the most "adaptive" choice for "followers" and making "followers" to follow was also the most adaptive choice for a "leader" in a pay-off relations in children's plays. Less