From Sin to Crime : A Study of Early Modem English Ballads, Pamphlets, and Drama

本研究最初旨在更深入、更广泛地理解早期现代英国城市喜剧的背景。这些戏剧所要处理的冲突与早期现代宗教戏剧和幕间插曲中上帝与普通人之间的冲突截然不同，而伊丽莎白晚期和詹姆士一世时期的城市喜剧则寻求为人际关系中的情节冲突提供动力，而不是被称为资本主义的经济怪物。也就是说，资本主义将宗教戏剧中的“罪-罚-救”模式转化为富人和欠债者之间的关系，导致经济体系的局外人或退出者的进步——他们作为新发明的社会敌人，相应地被视为社会秩序的局外人。因此，许多世俗的小册子和歌谣将这些外来者视为“陌生人”：他们被称为“小贩法语”的奇怪语言所表示，并且通过小册子新闻的过程，他们从对社会的威胁转变为滑稽的替罪羊。值得注意的是，这些小小册子逐渐建立了主流历史；最后，拉斐尔·霍林什德的《编年史》包含了威廉·哈里森对托马斯·哈曼的《坎廷词典》的改编，然而，这可以进一步追溯到约翰·奥德莱。因此，带有大“H”的历史有时有助于编造外人：吉普赛人、小贩或其他经济上的“少数民族”，被社会其他部分系统地排斥和禁止。小册子的形式与其内容同样重要：两套文字(即英文（黑体）和罗马（白体）并存。这些小册子大多用黑体字印刷，而佩德勒的法语则用罗马字印刷。在拉丁文《圣经》或基督教人文主义著作的例子中，罗马字母可能带有一些“不一定是人类智力多样化的新趋势”的内涵。对于那些在本质上趋向于保守的歌谣，关于罪恶和犯罪的新旧话语可以自然地相互合作，形成一种强有力的持续低音，支持小册子的“道德”。在戏剧中，我们会看到这样的小贩被刻画成聪明的傻瓜、不满者或疯人院的汤姆；这可能在某种程度上表明了“道德尺度”的缺陷。简而言之，有些戏剧还原了那些看似局外人的荣誉和美德，同样是在喜剧氛围中。少

This study originally aimed at deeper and wider understandings of contexts surrounding early modern English city comedies. The conflicts to be dealt with in those dramas drastically shifts from that between the God and Everyman in early modern religious plays and Interludes, while late Elizabethan and Jacobean city comedies seeks their fuel for plot-driving conflicts in human-human relationships over economical monster called Capitalism. That is, Capitalism transforms the Crime-Punishment-Salvation scheme in religious plays into that between those who have and those who owes, which leads to the advance of outsiders or drop-outs of economical system -they, as newly invented enemy to the society, would accordingly be treated as outsiders of social order. Thus many secular pamphlets and ballads treat such outsiders as "strangers" : they are signified with strange tongue called 'pedlers French' and through the course of pamphlet journalism, they are transformed from the threat to the socie … More ty to comical scapegoats.Significantly enough, such minor pamphlets gradually build up the mainstream history ; at last, Raphael Holinshed's Chronicle contains William Harrison's adaptation of Thomas Harman's 'Canting Dictionary', which, however, further goes back to John Awdelay at nearest. History with large 'H" thus sometimes contributes to the fabrication of outsiders : Gypsies, Pedlers, or other economic 'minorities' to be systematically excluded and banned by the rest of the society.The form of pamphlets is no less important than its contents : two sets of characters (i. e. English (Black letters) and Roman (white letters) coexist. While most of those pamphlets are printed with Black letter, Pedlers French are shown with Roman characters. With the cases of Vulgate Bible or writings of Christian Humanism, Roman letters would potentially carry some connotation of 'not necessarily-desired new trends for variety of human intellect.'As for ballads which tend to be conservative in its nature, both old and new discourses concerning Sin and crime could naturally be co-operated to form a strong basso-continuo which supports the 'moral' of the pamphlets. On dramas, we would see such pedlers treated as wise fools, malcontents, or Tom of Bedlam ; that might somehow signifies the drawbacks of 'moral scale'. In short, some dramas restores those seeming outsiders' honor and virtue, also in comic atmosphere. Less