The significance of reproductive properties and two modes in seed dispersal in the prostrate annual Chamaesyce maculata with multiple overlapping generations.

通过野外调查和室内试验，分析了多世代重叠的一年生平卧斑潜蝇的繁殖特性和两种播种方式的意义。得到了以下结果。1)6月出现的植株从7月下旬开始有性繁殖，此后营养生长和有性繁殖同时发生，一直持续到11月初，植株表现出从营养生长到有性繁殖的转换。2)斑纹夜蛾在一年内最多可重复三代。通过第一代和第二代产生的非休眠种子每年产生多个世代，明显地导致每年生殖产量的增加。3)可以认为，亲本和子代之间的竞争发生在繁殖期的早期，而苗木之间的竞争发生在季节后期产生的种子…。第二年羽化期出现较多的繁殖期。4)为了避免这种竞争，在繁殖早期产生的种子被自动散布(同体)，导致种子散布在远离亲本的地方。5)繁殖期后期产生的种子不是自动产生的，而是由采种蚂蚁(没药)散播的。虽然有18种蚂蚁访问斑点蚁的植物，但只有两种杂食性蚂蚁携带种子进入它们的巢中，这两种蚂蚁是四倍体和节节蚁。6)节节小蜂被认为是一种典型的种子捕食者，因为节节小蜂以巢内携带的大部分种子为食，其传播种子的效率明显较低，与收割蚁相似。7)另一方面，Tsushimae的工作人员再次携带了大约一半的种子进入其巢中，从其巢中携带的种子和留在其巢中的种子的伤害率都明显较低。因此，Tsushimae是一种优良的种子传播剂，对斑潜蝇具有较高的种子传播率。较少

The significance of reproductive properties and two modes of seed dispersal in the prostrate annual Chamaesyce maculata with multiple overlapping generations was analyzed in the field survey and laboratory experiments. The following results were obtained. 1)Plants that emerged in June commenced sexual reproduction from late July, and thereafter both vegetative growth and sexual reproduction occurred together until early November, the plants showing o switching from vegetative growth to sexual reproduction. 2)C.maculata could repeat a maximum of three overlapping generations within a year. Multiple generations per year were attained by non-dormant seeds produced in the first and second generaions and clearly resulted in an increased reproductive output per year. 3)It would be considered that competitions between parent plants and offspring plants occur in the early season of reproductive period, and competitions among seedlings that were derived from the seeds produced in the late seaso … More n of reproductive period occur in the emergence period in the next year. 4)In order to avoid such competitions, the seeds produced in the early season of reproductive period were automatically dispersed (autochory), resulting in seed dispersion far from parent plants. 5)the seeds produced in the late season of reproductive period were not automatically, but dispersed by seed-collecting ants (myrmecochory). Although 18 ant species visited plants of C.maculata, only two species of omnivorous ants, Tetramorium tsushimae and Pheidole nodus carried the seeds into their nests. 6)P.nodus was regarded as a typical seed predator, because P.nodus workers fed on most of the seeds carried in their nests, and the efficiency of seed dispersal by P.nodus was conspicuously low, similar as harvester ants. 7)On the other hand, workers of T.tsushimae carried out again about half number of the seeds that had carried into their nests, and the injury rates of both the seeds that carried out from their nests and those that remained in their nests were conspicuously low. Therefore, It would be considered that T.tsushimae is a superior seed disperser with high efficiency of seed dispersal for C.maculata. Less