Development and evolution of implicit understanding of others: Evolutionary and developmental study of implicit theory of mind.

在这个项目中，我关注的是内隐心理理论的演变和发展，而不是外显心理理论的演变和发展，其中外显心理理论的主要任务是错误信念任务。这些内隐的心理理论和外显的心理理论与社会认知的新概念、双重过程相对应。视线跟随、生物运动知觉、面孔知觉被归类为内隐心理理论，错误信念任务归类为外显心理理论。前者是内隐过程，后者是高阶过程。在这里，我将总结以下四年的研究结果：1)人类婴儿从很小的时候就对他人的反应高度敏感。这种特殊的敏感性使他们能够与照顾者进行交流，比如轮换。对婴儿的适当反应被称为“社会应急”。在之前的研究中，婴儿在4个月大的时候就表现出了这种敏感性。我们证明了即使只有一个-…更多一个月大的婴儿通过使用双视频范式具有这种敏感性，在这种模式下，婴儿和母亲通过电视监视器进行交流。2)眼睛凝视在我们的交流中非常重要。眼动被认为反映了我们的思维行为过程，如侧向眼动(LEM)。在本研究中，我们记录了在与社会伴侣面对面的情况下眼动的方向。社会伙伴(实验者)给出了两种问题，如知识问题和思考问题。知识问题是把主体已经具备的知识作为一种知识来提问。例如，“你多大了？”思考问题是问他/她必须思考什么才能回答。比如，“时速60公里的车能跑多远？”我们发现，当给受试者思考问题时，他/她的眼睛向下移动。这一结果与北美人的结果不同。我们的结论是，这种眼动具有社会信号功能。我们也采用并进行了同样的实验，得到了相似的结果。3)人类儿童的抑制控制能力是在学龄前发展起来的。我们在DCCS任务中测试了黑猩猩是否能够按照新规则进行控制，并与5岁儿童的结果进行了比较。黑猩猩的表现就像3岁的孩子一样。他们的抑制控制能力在一定程度上受到制约。较少

In this project, I focused the evolution and development of implicit theory of mind rather than explicit theory of mind, in which the main task of explicit theory of mind is 'False Belief Task.' These implicit theory of mind and explicit theory of mind correspond to recent concept, dual process of social cognition. Gaze following, perception of biological motion, and face perception are categorized into implicit of theory of mind, and False Belief Task is categorized into explicit theory of mind. Formers are implicit process and the latter is higher order process. In here, I will summarize the outcome of the studies for 4 years below.1) Human infants are highly sensitive to others' responses since very early period. This specific sensitivity makes them to communicate with their caregivers, such as turn taking. An appropriate response to infants are called "social contingency." In the previous study, infants show this kind of sensitivity from 4-month-olds. We demonstrated that even one- … More month-old infants have such sensitivity by employing double video paradigm, in where infant and mother communicate through the TV monitor.2) Eye gaze is extraordinary important in our communication. Eye movement has been thought that it reflect the process of our thinking behavior, such as Lateral Eye Movement (LEM). In the current study, we recorded the direction of eye movement during face to face situation with social partner. Social partner (experimenter) gave two kinds of questions, such as knowledge questions and think questions. Knowledge question is to ask what the subject has already as a kind of knowledge. For example, "How old are you?" Think question is to ask what he/she has to think to answer. For example, "How far does the car which can move 60Km per hour go?" We found that the subject eyes moved down when he/she was given the think questions. This result was different from that of North American people. We concluded that this eye movement has function of social signal. We also employed and conducted same experiment, and we obtained similar results.3) Human children developed their ability of inhibitory control during preschool hood. We tested the chimpanzee whether they can control according to the new rule in DCCS task, and are compared to the results of 5-year-old children. The chimpanzees' performance is just like 3-year-old children. Their ability of inhibitory control is constraint in some level. Less