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Development and evolution of implicit understanding of others: Evolutionary and developmental study of implicit theory of mind.

对他人的内隐理解的发展和演化：内隐心理理论的演化和发展研究。

基本信息

批准号：
16500161
负责人：
ITAKURA Shoji
金额：
$ 2.31万
依托单位：
Kyoto University
依托单位国家：
日本
项目类别：
Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C)
财政年份：
2004
资助国家：
日本
起止时间：
2004 至 2007
项目状态：
已结题

项目摘要

In this project, I focused the evolution and development of implicit theory of mind rather than explicit theory of mind, in which the main task of explicit theory of mind is 'False Belief Task.' These implicit theory of mind and explicit theory of mind correspond to recent concept, dual process of social cognition. Gaze following, perception of biological motion, and face perception are categorized into implicit of theory of mind, and False Belief Task is categorized into explicit theory of mind. Formers are implicit process and the latter is higher order process. In here, I will summarize the outcome of the studies for 4 years below.1) Human infants are highly sensitive to others' responses since very early period. This specific sensitivity makes them to communicate with their caregivers, such as turn taking. An appropriate response to infants are called "social contingency." In the previous study, infants show this kind of sensitivity from 4-month-olds. We demonstrated that even one- … More month-old infants have such sensitivity by employing double video paradigm, in where infant and mother communicate through the TV monitor.2) Eye gaze is extraordinary important in our communication. Eye movement has been thought that it reflect the process of our thinking behavior, such as Lateral Eye Movement (LEM). In the current study, we recorded the direction of eye movement during face to face situation with social partner. Social partner (experimenter) gave two kinds of questions, such as knowledge questions and think questions. Knowledge question is to ask what the subject has already as a kind of knowledge. For example, "How old are you?" Think question is to ask what he/she has to think to answer. For example, "How far does the car which can move 60Km per hour go?" We found that the subject eyes moved down when he/she was given the think questions. This result was different from that of North American people. We concluded that this eye movement has function of social signal. We also employed and conducted same experiment, and we obtained similar results.3) Human children developed their ability of inhibitory control during preschool hood. We tested the chimpanzee whether they can control according to the new rule in DCCS task, and are compared to the results of 5-year-old children. The chimpanzees' performance is just like 3-year-old children. Their ability of inhibitory control is constraint in some level. Less

在本项目中，我关注的是内隐心理理论的演变和发展，而不是外显心理理论，其中外显心理理论的主要任务是“错误信念任务”。这些内隐心理理论和外显心理理论对应于最近的概念，社会认知的双重过程。注视跟随、生物运动知觉和面孔知觉属于内隐心理理论范畴，而错误信念任务属于外显心理理论范畴。前者是隐过程，后者是高阶过程。在这里，我将总结4年的研究结果如下。1）人类婴儿从很小的时候起就对他人的反应高度敏感。这种特殊的敏感性使他们能够与他们的照顾者沟通，例如轮流。对婴儿的适当反应被称为“社会权变”。“在以前的研究中，婴儿从4个月大就表现出这种敏感性。我们证明了即使是一个- ...更多信息 1个月大的婴儿通过使用双视频范例具有这种敏感性，其中婴儿和母亲通过电视监视器进行交流。眼动一直被认为反映了我们的思维行为过程，如侧向眼动（Lateral Eye Movement，LEM）。在本研究中，我们记录了与社会伙伴面对面时的眼动方向。社会合作伙伴（实验者）给出了两种问题，如知识问题和思考问题。知识问题就是问主体已经拥有的作为一种知识的东西。例如，“你多大了？“思考问题是问他/她必须思考什么才能回答。例如，“每小时60公里的汽车能走多远？“我们发现，当他/她被给予思考问题时，受试者的眼睛向下移动。这一结果与北美人不同。我们的结论是，这种眼动具有社会信号功能。3）人类儿童的抑制控制能力是在学龄前阶段发展起来的。在DCCS任务中，我们测试了黑猩猩是否能按照新规则进行控制，并与5岁儿童的结果进行了比较。黑猩猩的表现就像3岁的孩子。它们的抑制控制能力在一定程度上受到限制。少