Development and evolution of implicit understanding of others: Evolutionary and developmental study of implicit theory of mind.

对他人的内隐理解的发展和演化：内隐心理理论的演化和发展研究。

基本信息

批准号：
16500161
负责人：
ITAKURA Shoji
金额：
$ 2.31万
依托单位：
Kyoto University
依托单位国家：
日本
项目类别：
Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C)
财政年份：
2004
资助国家：
日本
起止时间：
2004 至 2007
项目状态：
已结题

项目摘要

In this project, I focused the evolution and development of implicit theory of mind rather than explicit theory of mind, in which the main task of explicit theory of mind is 'False Belief Task.' These implicit theory of mind and explicit theory of mind correspond to recent concept, dual process of social cognition. Gaze following, perception of biological motion, and face perception are categorized into implicit of theory of mind, and False Belief Task is categorized into explicit theory of mind. Formers are implicit process and the latter is higher order process. In here, I will summarize the outcome of the studies for 4 years below.1) Human infants are highly sensitive to others' responses since very early period. This specific sensitivity makes them to communicate with their caregivers, such as turn taking. An appropriate response to infants are called "social contingency." In the previous study, infants show this kind of sensitivity from 4-month-olds. We demonstrated that even one- … More month-old infants have such sensitivity by employing double video paradigm, in where infant and mother communicate through the TV monitor.2) Eye gaze is extraordinary important in our communication. Eye movement has been thought that it reflect the process of our thinking behavior, such as Lateral Eye Movement (LEM). In the current study, we recorded the direction of eye movement during face to face situation with social partner. Social partner (experimenter) gave two kinds of questions, such as knowledge questions and think questions. Knowledge question is to ask what the subject has already as a kind of knowledge. For example, "How old are you?" Think question is to ask what he/she has to think to answer. For example, "How far does the car which can move 60Km per hour go?" We found that the subject eyes moved down when he/she was given the think questions. This result was different from that of North American people. We concluded that this eye movement has function of social signal. We also employed and conducted same experiment, and we obtained similar results.3) Human children developed their ability of inhibitory control during preschool hood. We tested the chimpanzee whether they can control according to the new rule in DCCS task, and are compared to the results of 5-year-old children. The chimpanzees' performance is just like 3-year-old children. Their ability of inhibitory control is constraint in some level. Less

在这个项目中，我集中了隐性思想理论而不是明确的思想理论的演变和发展，其中明确的心理理论的主要任务是“错误的信仰任务”。这些隐含的思维理论和明确的心理理论对应于最近的概念，即社会认知的双重过程。凝视以下，对生物运动的感知和面部感知被分为隐性的思想理论，错误的信念任务被分为明确的心理理论。构造是隐式过程，后者是高阶过程。在这里，我将总结4年以下研究的结果。1）自早期以来，人类婴儿对他人的反应高度敏感。这种特定的敏感性使他们能够与照顾者交流，例如转弯。对婴儿的适当反应称为“社会偶然性”。在先前的研究中，婴儿显示了4个月大的人的这种敏感性。我们证明，即使是一个……更多的一个月大的婴儿也通过使用双视频范式来具有这种敏感性，在婴儿和母亲通过电视显示器进行交流的地方。2）眼睛凝视在我们的交流中至关重要。人们认为眼动反映了我们的思维行为的过程，例如侧眼运动（LEM）。在当前的研究中，我们记录了与社会伴侣面对面情况下眼睛运动的方向。社会伙伴（实验者）提出了两种问题，例如知识问题和思考问题。知识问题是询问主题已经是一种知识。例如，“你几岁？”思考问题是问他/她必须想什么才能回答。例如，“汽车每小时可以行驶60公里的汽车走多远？”我们发现，当他/她的结果与北美人民不同时，主题的眼睛就下降了。我们得出的结论是，这种眼动具有社交信号的功能。我们还工作并进行了类似的实验，并获得了相似的结果。3）人类儿童在学龄前罩上发展了抑制性控制能力。我们测试了黑猩猩是否可以根据DCCS任务中的新规则来控制，并与5岁儿童的结果进行了比较。黑猩猩的表演就像3岁的孩子一样。他们的抑制控制能力在某种程度上受到限制。较少的