Study on mindreading mechanism in robot, nonhuman primates and human.

本研究旨在探讨读心系统的机制。我们在比较认知科学中加入了认知发展机器人学的观点，比较认知科学的研究对象通常是人类和非人类灵长类动物或其他动物。起初，我们专注于人类婴儿、成年人和黑猩猩的视觉注意力转移。在计算机屏幕或卡片上呈现人脸线条画、人脸照片等指示线索，观察被试的眼动。我们发现，即使是人类婴儿和黑猩猩也会像成年人一样自动转移注意力。我们认为，这种基本机制是在联合视觉注意的基础上形成的，即高阶社会认知能力。我们还使用了“一个箭头”作为指示刺激，并发现它是非常有效的视觉注意转移。我们提出了不对称刺激对注意转移有效的假设，并进行了实验。非对称性刺激似乎能有效地诱导视觉注意转移。这是合理的，因为眼睛运动或人脸的方向是不对称的。在仿人机器人中，我们进行了模仿人类动作的实验。我们从理解他人知识的角度进行了实验。参与者是3、4、5和6岁的孩子。通常，3岁的孩子不能理解看到和知道之间的联系。然而，我们发现，即使是3岁的孩子理解的人谁拥有的知识，通过观察实验者之间的互动获得的互动。

In this research project, mechanism of mindreading system was investigated. We added the perspective of cognitive developmental robotics to comparative cognitive science in which usually the subjects were human and nonhuman primates or other animal. At first, we focused on visual attention shift in human infants, human adults, and chimpanzees. The deictic cue such as face like line drawing, photograph of face, was presented on the computer screen or card board and subjects' eye movement was observed. We found that even human infants and chimpanzees showed automatically attention shift as well as human adults. We concluded this kind of basic mechanism underlie in joint visual attention, that is higher order social cognitive ability. We also used "an arrow" as a deictic stimulus, and found it is very effective for visual attention shift. We had an hypothesis that asymmetry stimulus is effective in attention shift, and carried out the experiment. Asymmetry stimuli were seemed to be effective to induce visual attention shift. That is reasonable, because eye movement or orientation of human face are asymmetry. In humanoid robot, we conducted the experiment for imitation of human action.We carried out the experiments from the point of view of understanding of other's knowledge. Participants were 3, 4, 5, and 6-year-olds. Usually 3-year-olds cannot understand the association between seeing and knowing. However, we found that even 3-year-olds understand the person who have a knowledge acquired through the interaction by observing interaction between the experimenters.