Emergence of a 'new' type of political leaders in Asia and Russia : Democratization and globalization

我们研究了亚洲几个国家的新型政治领导人，在亚洲国家之间进行比较，并考虑到俄罗斯。We took拿up leaders领导（和一个政党）的名单如下：韩国总统卢武铉，中国国家主席胡锦涛，泰国总理他信·西那瓦，印尼总统苏西洛·班邦·尤多约诺（Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono），印尼哥龙打洛省省长法德尔·穆罕默德（Fadel Muhammad），巫统青年团副团长、马来西亚总理巴达维的女婿凯里·贾迈勒丁（Khairy Jamaluddin），印度人民党（BJP）和俄罗斯总统弗拉基米尔普京（Vladimir Putin）。本研究的目的是探讨（1）这些领导人产生的背景因素和（2）他们对民主的影响。关于背景，确定了几个因素。首先，民主化对于以前由未经选举产生的统治者统治的国家至关重要。现在统治者应该在投票中选出。第二，由于1990年代的经济和政治危机，这些国家的人民渴望一个强有力的领导人。第三，这些领导人推行民粹主义政策，以拯救遭受经济困难的穷人和弱者。中国和印度在这一点上也不例外。第四，这些领导人喜欢直接向人民呼吁，较少依赖包括政党在内的政治组织。这些领导人的共同特点是对大众媒体（电视、广播和互联网）的策略性和热情使用。关于效果，重要的是要注意，并非所有领导人都能发挥强有力的领导力。虽然韩国和印度尼西亚的国家领导人没有成功，但俄罗斯和泰国的国家领导人以及印度尼西亚的省级领导人却成功了。重要的是如何将强有力的领导制度化。当普京设法建立一个新政权时，他信遭到旧势力的抵制和推翻。

We studied a new type of political leaders in several countries in Asia with comparison among Asian countries and with Russia in mind. We took up leaders (and a political party) as follows : Roh Moo-hyun, Korean president; Hu Jintao, Chinese president; Thaksin Shinawatra, Thai prime minister; Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, president, and Fadel Muhammad, governor of Gorontalo province of Indonesia; Khairy Jamaluddin, deputy chief of UMNO Youth wing, and a son-in-law of Malaysia's prime minister Badawi,; BJP of India; and Vladimir Putin, Russian president. The purpose of this study was to examine (1) the background factors giving way to the emergence of these leaders and (2) their effects upon democracy.Regarding the background, several factors were identified. First of all, democratization was critically important in countries previously ruled by unelected rulers. Now rulers should be elected at the polls. Second, people in those countries yearned for a strong leader due to the economic and political crises in the 1990s. Third, these leaders pursued populist policies to rescue the poor and weak people suffering from economic hardship. China and India were not exceptions concerning this point. Fourth, these leaders were fond of direct appeal to the people with less dependence on political organizations including political parties. Tactical and fervent use of mass media (television, radio, and internet) was a common feature of those leaders.Regarding the effect, it is important to note that not all leaders could exert strong leadership. While national leaders in Korea and Indonesia were not successful, national leaders in Russia and Thailand, and a provincial leader in Indonesia were successful. Significant was how to institutionalize the strong leadership. While Putin managed to build a new regime, Thaksin was resisted and toppled by old powers.