Psychological research on the conditions for activating organizations through the Management By Objectives

研究成果如下，并作为研究报告发表。1)描述了80年代以来“基于结果的评价体系（OBES）”在日本组织中的总体进展，以及OBES对组织、个人以及二者之间的心理关系的影响。在此基础上，阐述了以目标管理为特征的obe原则，特别是目标管理激活组织的必要条件。2)分别从目标设定阶段、绩效考核阶段和绩效考核阶段的人员和奖励制度特点出发，提出并发展了衡量OBES原则实施程度的新指标。3)作为基于OBES的最具代表性的制度，我们选择了目标管理（MBO），并回顾了MBO在日本组织中实施的现状。通过与领导过程的密切关系，分析了MBO对员工学习和工作绩效的影响。4)为了检验OBES的有效性，新开发了两种量表。第一个是衡量“情境绩效”，即个人通过超出自己定义的角色和任务的工作努力对同伴和整个工作团队的贡献。第二个是衡量团队活动的数量。研究结果表明，外部性行为的程度与情境绩效之间存在间接的正相关关系。职业道德对工人之间的社会关系没有阻碍性影响。

Research outcomes are as follows, and are published as a research report.1) Overall progress of "outcome-based evaluation system (OBES)" since 80' in Japanese organizations, as well as the impacts of OBES on the organization, individual, and the psychological relationship between them was described. Based on these discussions, the necessary conditions for activating organizations through the principle characterized by OBES, especially the Management By Objectives were delineated.2) New indices for measuring the degree of OBES principle were proposed and developed by paying attention to the properties of personnel and reward systems at the goal-setting stage, evaluation based on performance stage, and reward allocation based on evaluation stage, respectively.3) As a most representative system based on the OBES, we selected the Management By Objectives (MBO) and reviewed the present situations how the MBO has been carried out in the Japanese organizations. And we analyzed the effects of MBO on the employees' learning and job performance through close relationship with leadership process.4) Two kinds of scales were newly developed in order to examine the effectiveness of OBES. The first one is to measure the "contextual performance" which means the individuals contributions to peer workers and whole work group by spending work efforts beyond one's defined role and task The second one is to measure the quantity of group activities. The research findings showed that the degree of OBES had indirect, but positive relations with contextual performance. OBES did not have hindering impacts over social relations among workers.