The Policy problems for building a social support system on youth transition

本研究旨在阐明青年转型与社会阶层的关系，特别是了解当前的青年政策和实践赋予和未能赋予谁或哪一阶层青年权力，包括与其他国家，特别是欧盟国家的比较。首先，日本目前的青年支持机构或活动有几种体制，它们是：(1)以社区为基础的青年活动；(2)为因某种原因退学或退学的青年提供支持的机构(Futouou或Hikikomori)；(3)为年轻人提供的就业指导活动，它们之间并不总是有效或必要的沟通或协作。此外，更严重的是，任何一种活动都没有把重点放在因为贫困背景而难以融入社会的年轻人身上，这将扩大青年转型与青年支持体系之间的矛盾。第二，在欧盟国家，一方面，青年政策以及其他社会政策强化了个性化和职业化的趋势。然而，另一方面，还有其他类型的青年支持活动，如德国的社会教育家或英国和其他国家的社区和青年工作者。他们并不总是顺应当前青年政策的趋势，而是专注于在弱势背景的青年中组织社会网络，以加入当前社会。这些活动值得对当前和未来的青年政策进行思考，因为现在青年转型已经两极分化为与社会阶层和社会网络密切相关的“选择传记”和“风险传记”。

This research intends to illuminate how the transformation of youth transitions has related to the social class, in particular to know whom or which class of young people current youth policies and practices have empowered and failed to empowered, including the comparison with other countries, especially EU nations.This research has illustrated the following points. Firstly, there are some kinds of system among current youth support institutions or activities in Japan, they are(1) community based youth activities, (2) support institutions for young people who have withdrawn from schools or societies for some reason(Futoukou or Hikikomori) and(3) career guidance activities for young people, and they have not always made effective or necessary communication or collaboration each other. Moreover, what is a more serious point is that any kinds of activities have not focused on young people who have some difficulties to join the society because of their deprived backgrounds, which will enlarge the contradiction between the transformation of youth transitions and youth support system.Secondly, in EU countries, on the one hand youth policies as well as other social policies have strengthened the tendency to be individualized and work oriented ones. However, on the other hand, there are other kinds of youth support activities such as social pedagogists in Germany or community and youth workers in UK and other countries. They are not always going with current tendency of youth policies, but focusing on organizing social network among young people who have disadvantaged background to join the current society. These activities are worthy to remark on thinking about current and future youth policies, because now youth transitions have been polarized into'choice biography'and'risk biography'which has related to social class and social network strongly.