COMPREHENSIVE STUDY OF SOCIAL RESPONSE TO WIDESPREAD DISASTERS TRIGGERED BY HURRICANE KATRINA

飓风卡特里娜袭击了美国墨西哥湾沿岸，造成了灾难性的生命和财产损失，引发了一系列前所未有的社会、经济和环境灾难。报告揭示了美国应急管理政策和计划的巨大弱点，如1)受灾地区州、地方和联邦机构之间的灾害准备、响应和救济协调失败；2)公共信息不足，无法支持决策和公众反应；3)行动和避难所行动混乱，包括避难所未能提供基本的人类服务，对重新安置所需服务的应急计划不足；4)对恢复和重建资源的空前需求，可能对国家安全和政策改革产生影响。在2005年12月10日至18日和2006年3月18日至27日期间，进行了两次旨在了解这些主题的实地调查。研究结果如下：1)一场通常被称为卡特里娜飓风灾难的灾难是由卡特里娜飓风、新奥尔良的利维决口和丽塔飓风等三次事件组成的。而莱维在新奥尔良的违规在真正意义上是意想不到的。它引起了对卡特里娜飓风灾害响应的大量批评。2)美国对灾害管理系统的大幅革新削弱了联邦应急管理局在灾害响应方面的领导。但是，国家应急预案、国家突发事件管理系统等新的灾害管理系统运行良好。3)根据国家应急预案中定义的应急支持职能，成功地管理了灾害应急活动。联邦和州政府的协调响应在联合融合办公室进行。4)路易斯安那州成立了专门的恢复活动组织，名为路易斯安那州恢复局。路易斯安那州恢复局制定了灾难恢复计划，并做出了房屋恢复的决定，给予最高15万美元的补偿。

Hurricane Katrina, which struck the U.S. Gulf Coast with catastrophic loss of life and property, triggered a series of unprecedented social, economic and environmental disasters. It revealed great weaknesses in U.S. emergency management policy and program such as 1) Failure of disaster preparedness, response and relief coordination among state, local and federal agencies in the storm-affected areas; 2) Inadequate public information to support policy decisions and public response; 3) Chaotic movement and shelter operations induding failure of basic human service delivery in shelters and inadequate contingency planning for relocating needed services; and 4) An unprecedented need for recovery and reconstruction resources with likely national security and policy reform implications. Field survey targeting to learn those topics were conducted twice during Dec.10-18, 2005, and March 18-27, 2006. And the following results were acquaired.1) A disaster usually called the Hurricane Katrina Disaster is consisted from three events such as Hurricane Katrina, Levee breach in New Orleans, and Hurricane Rita. And Levee breach in New Orleans was unexpected in the real sense. It caused large criticize about disaster response for the Hurricane Katrina.2) Drastic renovation for disaster management system in US weakened leadership of FEMA in disaster response. However, new disaster management system such as National Response Plan, and National Incident Management System worked well.3) Disaster response activities according to Emergency Support Functions which defined in National Response Plan were successfully managed. Coordinated responses by federal and state government were conducted in Joint Meld Office.4) Louisiana State established special organization for recovery activities called Louisiana Recovery Authority. Louisiana Recovery Authority established disaster recovery plan and also made a decision on housing recovery granting maximum USD150,000.