Development of German, English and Japanese Discourse Markers from the Perspective of Historical Pragmatics

作为分析历史对话的语言材料，高田在19世纪下半叶采用了德英和德法对话教科书。从例句(自我介绍、旅行、看戏、生病等)在这些教材中，我们发现了助词、称呼语和省略句子，这些都使对话具有一定的口语性。在这些对话教材中，我们还可以观察到与今天不同的各种情况下的语言仪式(感谢、提出请求、补充和陈述反对意见)。铃木以日语为研究对象，发展了对引语助词tte变化的历史研究。对话数据来自江户、明治、昭和早期和现在出版的小说，以及记录材料。语篇翻译经历了从引语到话语标记语的转变，体现了说话人的主体性。对于我们的分析来说，同样重要的是结构的变化，涉及到从话语内部助词到话语初始话语标记的位置转移。铃木计划继续分析引语形式中让步功能的兴起，这是一个以前在其他语言中没有记载的有趣而可信的变化。这篇论文最初是在2005年12月举行的第一届日本历史语用学研讨会上发表的(“历史语用学--可能性和困难”)，小野原将这篇论文投稿给了日本语用学学会出版的《语用学研究》。小野原和铃木共同编辑了《历史语用学杂志》的特刊《日语的历史变迁：主观性和主体间性》。在本期中，小野寺发表了她的论文《主体性与社会规范的相互作用》，在写作过程中与包括E·特劳戈特博士和A·贾克博士在内的许多日本国内外的研究人员交流了想法和意见。

As linguistic materials for analysing the historical conversations, Takada took German-English and German-French conversation textbooks in the half of the 19th century. From the example sentences (self-introduction, travels, theatergoing, sickness etc.) in the these textbooks, we find particles, address forms and elliptical sentences which give the conversations certain grade of orality. In these conversation textbooks, we can also observe linguistic rituals for various situations (thanking, making requests, complementing and stating objections) that are different from these of today. Focusing on Japanese, Suzuki developed her research on the historical on the change of the quotative particle tte. The conversational data were obtained from novels published in the Edo, Meiji, early Showa and the present, as well as from recorded material. Tte has undergone change from a quotative to a discourse marker expressing the speaker's subjectivity. Also crucial for our analysis is the constructional change involving the positional shift from an utterance-internal particle to the utterance-initial discourse marker. Suzuki plans to continue her analysis on the rise of the concessive function in quotative forms, an interesting and plausible change not previously documented in other languages. Onodera contributed the paper, originally given at the first workshop on Historical Pragmatics in Japan(in December, 2005: "Historical Pragmatics-Possibilities and Difficulties"), to Studies in Pragmatics, published by the Pragmatics Society of Japan. Onodera and Suzuki co-edited the special issue of Journal of Historical Pragmatics, Historical Changes in Japanese: Subjectivity and Intersubjectivity. In this issue, Onodera published her paper "Interplay of (inter) subjectivity and social norm", exchanging ideas and opinions with many researchers inside and outside Japan, including Dr. E. Traugott and Dr. A. Jucker, during the writing process.