Physiological and ecological investigation of mouse deer and their conservation in Southeast Asia.

鼠鹿很早就从树干祖先那里分化出来，保存着原始反刍动物的遗迹。在本研究中，我们检测了鼠鹿的生理和生态特性。尽管属于反刍动物类群，但它们表现出非反刍动物的特征，更多的是非偶蹄动物的特征，如下所示。通过颈动脉网，代替颈内动脉的特定动脉系统，向偶趾脑提供血液。通常偶指有无颈内动脉的网状动脉，或同时有网状和消退的动脉。在偶蹄目动物中，鼠鹿是唯一没有颈动脉网的动物。我们不能说在反刍动物的进化过程中，环状突起的缺失是多形性的还是非形态性的。与其他反刍动物不同，鼠鹿的胎盘不是子叶的，而是弥漫的。胎儿-母体组织之间的组织学上的相互关系是一致的，滋养层双核细胞(Bnc)在所有其他…中起着中心作用。更多的反刍动物。然而，与绵羊和山羊的永久性斑块不同，在小鼠鹿体内，由BNC和母体组织融合形成的合胞体斑块是暂时的。小鼠鹿的胎母相互关系似乎是从基本的绒毛内或血绒毛膜胎盘发育而来的。与大型梅花鹿和中华陆猴相比，小白鼠后肢肌肉主要集中在近侧和远侧的颅侧。距骨和后肢肌肉的近端关节提示，小鼠鹿更多地保留了原始反刍动物适应跳跃的运动模式。反刍动物的Peyer‘s斑块在群体斑块和回肠斑块中分别具有不同的免疫功能，分别表现为B细胞分化和次级免疫组织。鼠鹿有殖民地斑块和回肠斑块，与其他反刍动物的组织学特征相似。它们似乎有功能上的差异，比如在牛和山羊身上。较少

Mouse deer were diverged early from the stem ancestor and conserve the relics of primitive ruminants. In this research, we examined physiological and ecological characteristics of mouse deer. Despite ruminant group, they exhibit non-ruminant features, further more non-artiodactyl features as follows.1. Blood to artiodactyl brain is supplied through carotid rete mirabile, specific arterial system replacing internal carotid artery. Usual artiodactyls have rete mirabile without internal carotid artery or both rete mirabile and involuted artery. The mouse deer is only animal having no carotid rete among artiodactyls. We are unable to say whether absence of the caroid rete is plesimorphic feature or apomorphic during the evolution of ruminants.2. Unlike other ruminants, the placenta of mouse deer is not cotyledonary, but diffuse one. Histological interrelation between feto-maternal tissues is synepitheliochorial, and trophoblast binucleated cells (BNC) play the central role as in all other … More ruminants. However, syncytial plaques formed by fusion of BNC and maternal tissues are transient in mouse deer, unlike persistent plaques of sheep and goat. Feth-maternal interrelation in mouse deer seems to be relics of development of synepitheliochorial placenta from basic endo-or hemo-chorial placenta.3. Comparing with large Sika deer and Chinese muntjac, the muscles of hind limb in mouse deer concentrate in the lateral side of proximal area and in the cranial side of distal area. The proximal articulation of talus and the muscles of hind limb suggest that the mouse deer preserve locomotion pattern of primitive ruminants adapting for saltation more than cursoriality.4. Peyer's patches of ruminants serve different immune functions in colonial and ileal patches showing B cell differentiation and secondary immunue tissue, respectively. Mouse deer have colonial and ileal patches similar histological features in other ruminants. They seems to have functional difference such as in bovine and goat. Less