After the Reforms in Japan

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The municipal amalgamation called "Heisei no Daigappei" have caused an temporary increase of fiscal burdens in the newborn municipalities and therefore has not led to efficiency improvement. In overall administrative operations, old municipalities in new born municipalities have not shown good performance in terms of cooperation and coordination. Partly owing to decentralization efforts conducted simultaneously with municipal amalgamation, however, newborn municipalities have developed their autonomy from national government.