Establishment of a rescue program for anorectal malformations induced by retinoic acid in mice.

全反式维甲酸（ATRA）单独作用的胚胎均出现肛门直肠畸形（ARM）。而在ATRA和LE 135作用的胚胎中，约40%的胚胎具有正常的直肠和肛门，但具有短尾。因此，这些发现表明RA受体拮抗剂防止上皮和间充质层之间的细胞信号传导途径的干扰，因为RA受体拮抗剂抑制RA受体与RX受体形成异二聚体。

In the embryos affected by all trans retinoic acid (ATRA) only, all of them had anorectalmalformations (ARM). In the embryos affected by ATRA and LE135, however, about 40% of the embryos had normal rectum and anus but had short tail. Therefore, these findings indicate that RA receptor antagonist prevents disturbance of the cell signaling pathway between the epithelium and the mesenchyme layers because RA receptor antagonist inhibits RA receptor from forming heterodimers with RX receptors.