Co-existence and Exclusion in the Conceptualization of "Kami" and "Buddha" : Concepts of Transcendental Beings in the History of Japanese Ethical Thought

为了考虑“神”（日本神）和“佛”概念之间的联系，我们研究了以下问题：在上原（Kojiki）神话中佛教被排除在外；接受“神”和“佛”的共存，正如我们在日本良木（吉田）中发现的精神概念所揭示的那样；在《Konjaku monogatari-shu》（Kashiwagi）中，释迦牟尼佛和佛教神灵的对比。关于仙谷晚期~江户中期武士阶级的“十”概念（被认为是天堂的意志或命运），允许“神”和“佛”共存，丰泽研究了两种“十”概念合并的可能性。吉田证明，正是“神”和“佛”在大众思想中的普遍融合，催生了江户晚期和明治早期的复兴神道教（作为国学运动的一个项目）。到目前为止，这项研究的结果已经以两本书和五篇文章的形式发表。此外，我们目前正在编制八幡神或大菩萨八幡神崇拜期间收到的神示信息的年表，我们相信这将成为研究八幡神崇拜的基本资源。

In order to consider connections between the conceptions of "kami" (Japanese gods) and "Buddha", we have examined the following issues : The exclusion of Buddhism in the mythology of Kojiki (Uehara) ; Acceptance of the co-existence of "kami" and "Buddha", as revealed by the concept of the spirit that we find in Nihon ryoiki (Yoshida) ; The contrast between depictions of Shakyamuni-Buddha and Buddhist deities in Konjaku monogatari-shu (Kashiwagi) .Concerning late-Sengoku～mid-Edo period warrior-class conception of "ten" (perceived as Heaven's will or fate) that allowed for the co-existence of "kami" and "Buddha", Toyosawa has investigated the possibility that two perceptions of "ten" became merged. Yoshida has demonstrated that it was the pervasive intermingling of "kami" and "Buddha" in popular thought that gave rise to Revivalist Shinto (as a project of the National Learning, or kokugaku, movement) in the late-Edo and early-Meiji periods.To date, the results of this research have been published in the form of two books and five articles. In addition, we are currently compiling a chronology of oracular messages received during worship of Hachiman-shin or Great Bodhisattva Hachiman, one that we believe will become a fundamental resource in the study of the Hachiman worship.