Legal study of broadcast media in Poland : comparison of phases and types of systemic transformation

波兰的公共媒体（广播和电视）以股份公司的形式运作，国库是唯一的股东。它们的体制设计基于多元化的方法，旨在反映社会上对广播的各种意见。然而，公共媒体因其“政治化”而受到批评，即政党通过其人事权力分享对电视和广播节目的影响。另一方面，公共媒体，特别是电视，在财政上很大程度上依赖于广告收入，而另一个重要的财政来源--收费（广告费）的支付率却越来越低。其结果是公共媒体的“商业化”。最近，为了克服这种危急情况，人们一直在寻求新的体制概念，但目前只实现了零敲碎打的解决办法。

Public media (radio and television) in Poland are functioning in the form of joint-stock companies, the only stockholder of which is the National Treasury. Their institutional design is based on the pluralistic approach aimed at reflection of various opinions in society on broadcasting. However public media are criticized because of their "politicization" in the sense that political parties share the influence on TV and radio programs through their powers in personnel affairs. On the other hand, public media, especially television, financially depend largely on income from advertisement whereas the payment rate of fee (abonament), the other important financial source, is more and more decreasing. The result of this is "commercialization" of public media. Recently the new institutional concepts have been sought in order to overcome such a critical situation, but for the time being only piecemeal solution has been realized.