Theoretical and empirical study of human rights in the period of systemic transformation in Russia

1.在1993年通过《俄罗斯联邦宪法》的过程中，苏联在社会主义条件下对“人权”持负面看法，这一概念得到了承认。这一事实可以在三个语境中得到解释：价值体系从以国家为导向的价值体系向以人的尊严为基础的价值体系的转变，从国家所有制主导的经济体系向以私人所有制为主导的经济体系(资本主义制度)过渡的意识形态辩护，以及对国际法律规范优先地位的承认。与此同时，在每种背景下都有可能出现某种反弹。在解释落实人权的困难时，一些人更关注体制转型时期的具体问题，另一些人更重视俄罗斯的传统法律文化。人权保障机制最重要的要素之一是最新的…建立更多的宪法法院，这可以从它的许多判决中得到证明。通过人权监察员的活动注意到各种人权问题。同时也存在着一些亟待解决的问题，如刑事诉讼法等重要领域缺乏新的法律，法院系统功能失调，公诉职能存在争议等。上述结论基于对以下问题的立法研究、宪法规范的理论解释、法院实践等：公民权、少数民族权利、隐私、通信保密、不侵犯居住权、迁居自由、思想和言论自由、结社自由、集会权利、选举权、所有权、工作自由、社会保障权、儿童权利、住房权、环境权、犯罪受害者的人权以及犯罪的总体情况。较少

1. The notion of "human rights" , negatively perceived in the Soviet Union under socialism, got to be recognized in the process toward adoption of the Constitution of the Russian Federation in 1993. This fact can be explained in the three contexts : a change of value system from the state-oriented one to that based on human dignity of individuals, an ideological justification of the transition from state-ownership dominated economic system to private-ownership dominated one (capitalist system) by referring to "ownership as a human right" and recognition of priority of the international legal norms. At the same times, there are possibilities of a kind of backlash in each context. Explaining difficulties in implementation of human rights, some pay more attention to concrete problems in the period of systemic transformation, others attach more importance to the traditional legal culture of Russia.2. One of the most important elements of the human rights securing mechanism is the newly est … More ablished Constitutional Court, that can be proved by its many decisions. Various human right problems are noticed though activities of the human rights ombudsman. At the same time there are several unsolved problems, for instance, lack of new laws in some important fields such as criminal procedure code, dysfunction of the court system, disputes on the role of the public prosecution.3. The above-mentioned findings are based on the research of legislations, interpretations of the constitutional norms by the doctrine, courts practices and so on concerning the following issues ; right to citizenship, rights of national minorities, privacy, secrecy of correspondence, non-invasion into residence, freedom of change of residence, freedom of thought and speech, freedom of association, right to meetings, suffrage, ownership, freedom of work, right of social security, rights of children, right to housing, environmental right, human rights of crime victims and the general situation of the crime in present Russia. Less