Survey of Indonesian Religious Objects Before the Conversion to Islam

本项目对印尼改信伊斯兰教前宗教仪式中使用的佛教物品进行了研究。我们调查的对象是印度尼西亚和欧洲21个博物馆和历史档案馆收藏的雕塑和（雕刻）浮雕，以及在爪哇岛遗址中发现的雕塑和（雕刻）浮雕。通过我们的研究，我们成功地找到了几套金刚和甘塔，它们是密宗佛教的宗教物品。这些物品的推测日期大约是公元9世纪，因此这表明在公元9世纪，密宗宗教仪式在有关的地方进行。此外，Vajra和GhaNTA的形式大致分为“闭尖”型（8-10世纪中爪哇）和“开尖”型（10-15世纪东爪哇）。这种分类与朝代过渡时期相对应。因此，我们得出的结论是，对佛教对象的分析为研究密宗佛教在亚洲和亚洲宗教艺术的传播提供了一个标准。

This project carried out a research on the Buddhism objects used at Indonesian religious rites before the conversion to Islam. The subject of our investigation was the sculptures and(carved) relives held by 21 museums and historical archives in Indonesia and Europe as well as those which found in the remains in Java islands. As a result of our research, we succeeded in finding a few sets of Vajra and GhaNTA which are Tantric Buddhism religious objects. The presumed date of these objects is about the 9^th century CE, thus this suggests that Tantric religious rites were practiced in the place concerned in the 9^th century CE. Furthermore, the forms of Vajra and GhaNTA are roughly classified into‘closing prongs' type(middle Java from 8-10^th century) and‘opening prongs' type(East Java from 10-15^th century). This classification corresponds to the period of dynasties transition. Therefore we conclude that this analysis of Buddhism objects presents a criterion for the examination of the transmission of Tantric Buddhism in Asia and Asian religious arts.