Exploration of ancestral roles life-cycle regulator genes in land plants using a model liverwort

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Ancestral roles of four class of life-cycle regulators in angiosperms (LFY, MADS, PEBP, SPL) were explored using an emerging model liverwort plant, Marchantia polymorpha, as a representative of basal land plants. In Marchantia polymorpha genome, 1 gene for LFY, 2 genes for MADS, 3 genes for PEBP, and 4 genes for SPL were found. Through phenotype analysis of knock-out plants and expression profile analysis, it is suggested that (1) LFY and two SPLs are involved in gametangiophore induction and/or subsequent development in gametophyte (haploid) generation, (2) LFY is indispensable for the first zygotic division after fertilization, and (3) all three PEBPs are likely involved in regulation of dormancy of asexual propagules called gemmae in gametophyte (haploid) generation.