Molecular mechanisms of dendritic cell maturation in response to pattern sensing

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RNA virus response results in induction of type I interferon (IFN) and cellular immunity. Type I IFN is a pivotal factor for host cell protection against acute viral infection, whereas dendritic cells (DC), consisting of multiple subsets, induce variable responses against chronic viral infections. CD8a+ DC express high levels of TLR3 and represent cross-presentation of exogenous antigens. They also induce NK cell activation against viruses. Viral RNA is taken up into the endosome where TLR3 is situated in CD8a+ DC. TLR3 is profoundly involved in the step of CTL induction, namely cross-priming. The presence of multifarious RNA sensors reflects the variation of viral species, each of which behaves differentially to survive in the host. A variety of antiviral immune response reflects the presence of RNA sensors covering RNAs with virus-to-virus differences in various host cells.