The construction of an operational variation principle in non-equilibrium systems and its application

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Quantities averaged during a time interval almost surely take the most probable value when the time interval is sufficiently large. Events with the large deviation from this most probable value rarely occur. The frequency of rare events is exponentially small with respect to the time interval, and the extent of rare nature is characterized by the exponential factor. We have proposed a novel formula by which the extent of rare nature can be obtained by laboratory experiments without measuring fluctuation. Since the formula is practically useful only for simple systems for the moment, we have also attempted to obtain a deep understanding of mathematical structure behind the formula.