A contrastive study of the (non-)use of classifiers and plurals in classifier languages

本研究探讨了以下两个关于带有量词的语言的问题，即日语中的“ko”和“大津”。 第一，虽然在日语中ik-ko no ringo中的量词ko是强制性的，但在马来语中，量词ko不是强制性的。 为什么这两种语言在语法上有如此大的差异？ 其次，在有量词的语言中，裸名词形式（例如gakusei）可以指单数或复数实体。 同时，它们也有专门表示复数指称的名词形式，如gakusei-tachi。 这两种形式是如何区分的，是什么机制使这两种不同的名词形式共存成为可能？

This study investigated the following two questions regarding languages with classifiers, i.e. words such as ko and tsu in Japanese. First, while the classifier ko in ik-ko no ringo in Japanese is obligatory, the classifier is not obligatory in its Malay equivalent. Why is there such a grammatical difference between the two language types? Second, in languages with classifiers, bare noun forms (e.g. gakusei) can refer to either singular or plural entities. At the same time, they also have noun forms that specifically express plural reference such as gakusei-tachi. How are these two forms distinguished, and what mechanism is involved to make the co-existence of the two distinct noun forms possible?