Interaction of Janus Particles with Membranes and Cells from the Human Blood Compartment

最初，联合项目PARCEL旨在研究纳米颗粒与模型膜和血液室活细胞的相互作用。PARCEL的一个主要特点是其整体方法，涵盖颗粒粘附，细胞进入和生化后果，旨在全面了解细胞毒性的原因。研究活动集中在金属和半导体纳米粒子与细胞和模型膜的相互作用。建立了合适的模型来研究初始纳米颗粒与天然和人工生物膜的接触。通过PARCEL-I过程中建立的新型运动性测定来量化取决于相应纳米颗粒设计的对细胞活力的不同影响。从长远来看，我们希望根据定制的表面功能化和颗粒形态/化学来确定配方，以避免人体细胞对非预期颗粒的吸收或降低其细胞毒性，同时在很大程度上保持其原始功能。Janus粒子由至少两个物理或化学上不同的表面组成，并且经常用作自组织材料的构建块。它们将由Au、半导体（例如CdS）和金属氧化物（例如MnO、Fe 3 O 4）生产，由此可以改变颗粒的化学组成、尺寸、形状、表面化学以及最重要的是颗粒的各向异性。根据化学各向异性，Janus粒子可以形成超两亲分子或巨大的偶极子，产生具有不可预测性质的粒子。这些性质对生物体构成了相当大的威胁，因为它们具有大量的膜活性，迄今为止还没有在任何方面得到解决。因此，PARCEL-II解决了Janus颗粒与生物膜和细胞接触时的粘附，包裹和囊泡化。将阐明细胞内颗粒的摄取效率和命运以及伴随的生化后果。纳米粒子对细胞功能的影响将评估的可行性和运动性测定采用生化分析，阻抗谱，声共振器和扫描探针技术建立在PARCEL-I.从我们的研究中，我们期望一个全面的洞察到化学，物理和几何各向异性的生物活性和纳米细胞毒性的纳米粒子的含义。

Originally, the joint project PARCEL has been designed to investigate interactions of nanoparticles with model membranes and living cells of the blood compartment. A main feature of PARCEL is its holistic approach covering particle adhesion, cell entry and biochemical consequences with the aim to gain a comprehensive insight into the causes of cytotoxicity. Research activities were focused on the interactions of metal and semiconductor nanoparticles with cells and model membranes. Suitable models to study initial nanoparticles-contact with native and artificial biomembranes were established. Distinct effects on cell viability depending on the respective nanoparticle design were quantified by novel motility assays established in the course of PARCEL-I. In the long term, we expect to identify recipes based on tailored surface functionalization and particle morphology/chemistry to either avoid nonintended particle uptake by human cells or reduce its cytotoxicity, while largely maintaining its original functionality.The joint proposal PARCEL-II focuses on the interactions of anisotropic Janus particles with cells of the blood compartment. Janus particles are composed of at least two physically or chemically different surfaces and are frequently used as building blocks for self-organized materials. They will be produced from Au, semiconductors (e.g. CdS), and metal oxides (e.g. MnO, Fe3O4) whereby chemical composition, size, shape, surface chemistry and most importantly, anisotropy of the particles can be varied. Depending on the chemical anisotropy, Janus particles can form superamphiphiles or giant dipoles producing particles with unpredictable properties. These properties pose a considerable threat to living organisms due to their substantial membrane activity and have so far not been addressed in any respect.Hence, PARCEL-II addresses adhesion, wrapping and vesiculation of Janus-particles in contact with biomembranes and cells. Uptake efficiency and fate of the particles inside the cell as well as the accompanying biochemical consequences will be elucidated. The impact of nanoparticles on cellular functions will be assessed by viability and motility assays employing biochemical assays, impedance spectroscopy, acoustic resonators and scanning probe techniques as established in PARCEL-I.From our studies we expect a comprehensive insight into the implication of chemical, physical and geometrical anisotropy for the biological activity and nanocytotoxicity of nanoparticles.