Interaction of Janus Particles with Membranes and Cells from the Human Blood Compartment

最初，联合项目PARCEL的目的是研究纳米颗粒与模型膜和血室活细胞的相互作用。PARCEL的一个主要特点是它的整体方法涵盖颗粒粘附，细胞进入和生化后果，目的是全面了解细胞毒性的原因。研究活动集中在金属和半导体纳米颗粒与细胞和模型膜的相互作用上。建立了纳米颗粒与天然生物膜和人工生物膜初始接触的模型。通过在PARCEL-I过程中建立的新型运动性测定，对不同纳米颗粒设计对细胞活力的不同影响进行了量化。从长远来看，我们希望找到基于定制表面功能化和颗粒形态/化学的配方，以避免人类细胞对非预期颗粒的摄取或降低其细胞毒性，同时在很大程度上保持其原始功能。联合提案PARCEL-II侧重于各向异性Janus粒子与血室细胞的相互作用。两面粒子由至少两个物理或化学上不同的表面组成，经常被用作自组织材料的基石。它们将由Au，半导体（例如CdS）和金属氧化物（例如MnO， Fe3O4）生产，其中化学成分，大小，形状，表面化学以及最重要的是，颗粒的各向异性可以改变。根据化学各向异性，Janus粒子可以形成超两亲体或巨大的偶极体，产生具有不可预测性质的粒子。这些特性对生物体构成了相当大的威胁，因为它们具有大量的膜活性，迄今为止还没有在任何方面得到解决。因此，PARCEL-II解决了与生物膜和细胞接触的janus颗粒的粘附、包裹和囊泡。将阐明细胞内颗粒的吸收效率和命运以及随之而来的生化后果。纳米颗粒对细胞功能的影响将通过生物化学分析、阻抗光谱、声学谐振器和扫描探针技术的活力和运动分析来评估。从我们的研究中，我们期望对纳米颗粒的生物活性和纳米细胞毒性的化学、物理和几何各向异性的含义有一个全面的了解。

Originally, the joint project PARCEL has been designed to investigate interactions of nanoparticles with model membranes and living cells of the blood compartment. A main feature of PARCEL is its holistic approach covering particle adhesion, cell entry and biochemical consequences with the aim to gain a comprehensive insight into the causes of cytotoxicity. Research activities were focused on the interactions of metal and semiconductor nanoparticles with cells and model membranes. Suitable models to study initial nanoparticles-contact with native and artificial biomembranes were established. Distinct effects on cell viability depending on the respective nanoparticle design were quantified by novel motility assays established in the course of PARCEL-I. In the long term, we expect to identify recipes based on tailored surface functionalization and particle morphology/chemistry to either avoid nonintended particle uptake by human cells or reduce its cytotoxicity, while largely maintaining its original functionality.The joint proposal PARCEL-II focuses on the interactions of anisotropic Janus particles with cells of the blood compartment. Janus particles are composed of at least two physically or chemically different surfaces and are frequently used as building blocks for self-organized materials. They will be produced from Au, semiconductors (e.g. CdS), and metal oxides (e.g. MnO, Fe3O4) whereby chemical composition, size, shape, surface chemistry and most importantly, anisotropy of the particles can be varied. Depending on the chemical anisotropy, Janus particles can form superamphiphiles or giant dipoles producing particles with unpredictable properties. These properties pose a considerable threat to living organisms due to their substantial membrane activity and have so far not been addressed in any respect.Hence, PARCEL-II addresses adhesion, wrapping and vesiculation of Janus-particles in contact with biomembranes and cells. Uptake efficiency and fate of the particles inside the cell as well as the accompanying biochemical consequences will be elucidated. The impact of nanoparticles on cellular functions will be assessed by viability and motility assays employing biochemical assays, impedance spectroscopy, acoustic resonators and scanning probe techniques as established in PARCEL-I.From our studies we expect a comprehensive insight into the implication of chemical, physical and geometrical anisotropy for the biological activity and nanocytotoxicity of nanoparticles.