The Acquisition of Point of View and Voice in Japanese as a Foreign/Second Language : The influence of the linguistic and non-linguistic environment

本研究考察了以日语为外语/第二语言(JFL/JSL)的学习者对日语语态系统的习得情况，包括直接被动语态(DP)、间接被动语态(IP)和受惠被动语态；所有这些都是日语中表示事实或观点的一种手段。田中的早期研究表明，母语为英语的人在复合句/复合句中使用被动语态或受惠语态来统一观点。然而，非本族语者却没有做到这一点。数据来自于引出上述结构的生产测试和使用图片提示的受试者的复合句/复合句。研究采用了两种方法：(1)对外语学习者语言的横断面研究；(2)对JSL学习者的跟踪研究。结果表明，在JFL和JSL环境下，受惠句和复合句的产生能力都有所提高。然而，在JSL环境中使用shiten和IP的能力略有提高，但在JFL环境中并非如此。此外，与主动语态观点相同的受惠语态的“te-kureru”比与被动语态观点相同的“te-morau u”产生的时间要早。最后，为了理清日语语音系统的习得顺序，对JSL和JFL语境中的英语使用者，以及JSL语境中的汉语、印尼语、马来语和韩语使用者的语料进行了隐含标度。结果表明，无论是语境还是母语，受惠语都是先产生的，然后是DP，最后是IP，这三个范畴形成了一个隐含的层级。来自韩语、汉语和英语NSS的口语熟练程度访谈的产出数据支持日语语音系统的获取订单。

This study examired the acquisition of the Japanese voice system by learners of Japanese as a foreign/second language (JFL/JSL), including the direct passive (DP), indirect passive (IP) and the benefactive ; all function as A means to signal shiten or point of view in Japanese. Earlier studies by Tanaka have indica tednative speakers use the passive voice or the benefactive to unify the point of view in complex/compound sentences. However, non-native speakers fail to do so.Data were obtained froma production test which elicited the structurse mentioned above and complex/compound sentences from subjects using picture prompts. Twoapproaches were used : (1) a cross-sectional study of TEL learner language ; and (2) a follow-up study with JSL learners.The results indicate that the ability to produce the benefactives and complex/compound sentences improves inboth JFL and JSL environments. However, the ability to use shiten and the IP improves slightly in the JSL context, but not in the JFL environment. Moreover, concerning the benefactive, 'te-kureru, 'which has the same point of view as the active voice, is produced at an earlier stage than te-morau u, which has the same point of view of the passive voice. Concerning the IP, learners tend to use the DP structure.Finally, in order to clarify the acquisition order for the Japanese voice system, implicational scaling was used for the data of English speakers in both JSL and JFL contexts, and Chinese, Indonesian, , Malay, and Korean speakers in JSL contexts. The results indicate that, irrespective of the context or the L1, the benefactive is produced first, then the DP, and finally the IP.These three categories form animplicational hierarchy. Prodution data from oral proficiency interviews with NSs of Korean, Chinese, and English support an acquisition order for the Japanese voice sys tern.