Interlanguage Studies on Voice : The Passive/Active Voice in Complex Sentences

本研究旨在对日语作为第二语言/外语的学习者语言(JSL/JFL)在复句生成过程中如何运用移情或移情视角提供一些启示。坊间证据表明，日语中的非母语者不仅不能造出符合目的语期望的实音的句子，而且这些错误还会导致母语者的困惑或误解。研究程序包括对学习者的三个测试：(1)评估告密者的日语/日语水平，特别是他们在特定的书面语境中选择合适的语音的能力；(2)图片提示的启发测试，测试他们产生复杂…的能力(3)第二次图片提示测试，以评估提示者使用间接-被动形式的能力。第四项测试是关于语气和语音系统的产生，包括间接被动语态和善意语气，也使用了图片提示。实验共进行了三次，分别作为前测、后测和追踪测试，提供了横断面和纵向的测试数据。结果表明：(1)在整体流利性提高的情况下，间接被动句和间接被动句的使用能力几乎没有提高；(2)学习者似乎是按顺序、一次一个子句地构建复合句，而没有考虑跨越小句边界的共情视角；(3)即使是在日语国家学生中，间接被动句也很少使用，除了“属性”被动句；(4)跟踪测试表明，继续生活在目的语社区的被调查者在复句/复合句中使用实音的能力有所提高，而回国的被调查者失去了在夏季强化日语课程中所获得的能力。因此，尽管样本量很小，这排除了主要的概括，但有明确的证据表明，在第二语言环境中输入似乎是掌握日语实声系统和语音系统，特别是间接被动形式所必需的。较少

The purpose of this study of learner language of Japanese as a second/foreign language (JSL/JFL) was to bring some light to bear on the use of the shiten or empathy perspective in the context of the production of complex sentences. Anecdotal evidence indicates that not only are non-native speakers (NNS) of Japanese unable to produce sentences in which the use of the shiten meets target language expectations, but also that the errors lead to confusion or misunderstanding on the part of the native speaker (NS) listeners. It seems that this aspect of Japanese syntax is not generally taught and thus this project aims seeks to understand the learner difficulty as well as recommend an appropriate teaching approach.The research procedures included three tests of the learners : (1) an assessment of the informants JSL/JFL proficiency, specifically their ability to choose the proper voice for a specified written context ; (2) a picture-prompt elicitation test of their ability to produce complex … More and compound sentences in Japanese ; and (3) a second picture-prompt test to assess the informants ability to use the indirect-passive form. A fourth test of the production of shiten and voice systems, including indirect passives and benefactives, also used picture prompts. It was administered three times, as a pre-test, post-test, and finally as a follow-up test, providing cross-sectional and longitudinal data.The results are as follows : (1) the ability to use the empathy perspective and the indirect-passive showed little improvement despite overall increase in fluency ; (2) the learners appear to construct complex sentences sequentially, one clause at a time, without considering the empathy perspective across clausal boundaries ; (3) except for "property" passives, indirect passives are infrequently used even by NSs of Japanese ; and (4) the follow-up test indicated that the informants who continued to live in the target language community improved in their ability to use the shiten in complex/compound sentences, whereas those who returned to their home countries lost what ability they had gained during the summer intensive Japanese language course.Therefore, despite the very small sample size, which precludes major generalizations, there is clear evidence that input in the L2 environment appears to be necessary to master the Japanese shiten system and voice system, especially the indirect passive form. Less