Interlanguage Studies on Voice : The Passive/Active Voice in Complex Sentences

本研究以日语作为第二语言/外语（JSL/JFL）的学习者语言为研究对象，旨在探讨移情视角在复合句生成中的应用。传闻证据表明，不仅是非母语人士（NNS）的日语无法产生的句子中使用的shiten符合目标语的期望，而且错误导致混淆或误解的一部分，母语人士（NS）的听众。研究过程包括三个测试：（1）测试被试的日语二语/外语水平，特别是在特定的书面语语境中选择合适的语态的能力;（2）图片提示诱发测试，测试他们产生复杂的 关于我们 （3）第二次图片提示测试，考察被试使用间接被动句的能力。第四个测试是关于“是”和语音系统的产生，包括间接被动句和受益句，也使用了图片提示。本研究通过前测、后测和追踪三次测试，提供了横向和纵向的数据，结果表明：（1）尽管整体流畅性有所提高，但移情视角和间接被动句的使用能力没有明显提高;（2）学习者倾向于一个小句一个小句地顺序构建复句，没有考虑跨小句边界的移情视角;（3）除了"属性"被动句外，间接被动句的使用频率很低，即使是日语的NS也很少使用;（4）追踪测试表明，继续生活在目的语社区的被调查者在复合句中使用"是"的能力有所提高，而那些回到祖国的人则失去了他们在夏季强化日语课程中获得的能力。因此，尽管样本量很小，无法进行主要的概括，有明显的证据表明，在第二语言环境中的输入似乎是必要的，以掌握日语的声量系统和语音系统，特别是间接被动式。少

The purpose of this study of learner language of Japanese as a second/foreign language (JSL/JFL) was to bring some light to bear on the use of the shiten or empathy perspective in the context of the production of complex sentences. Anecdotal evidence indicates that not only are non-native speakers (NNS) of Japanese unable to produce sentences in which the use of the shiten meets target language expectations, but also that the errors lead to confusion or misunderstanding on the part of the native speaker (NS) listeners. It seems that this aspect of Japanese syntax is not generally taught and thus this project aims seeks to understand the learner difficulty as well as recommend an appropriate teaching approach.The research procedures included three tests of the learners : (1) an assessment of the informants JSL/JFL proficiency, specifically their ability to choose the proper voice for a specified written context ; (2) a picture-prompt elicitation test of their ability to produce complex … More and compound sentences in Japanese ; and (3) a second picture-prompt test to assess the informants ability to use the indirect-passive form. A fourth test of the production of shiten and voice systems, including indirect passives and benefactives, also used picture prompts. It was administered three times, as a pre-test, post-test, and finally as a follow-up test, providing cross-sectional and longitudinal data.The results are as follows : (1) the ability to use the empathy perspective and the indirect-passive showed little improvement despite overall increase in fluency ; (2) the learners appear to construct complex sentences sequentially, one clause at a time, without considering the empathy perspective across clausal boundaries ; (3) except for "property" passives, indirect passives are infrequently used even by NSs of Japanese ; and (4) the follow-up test indicated that the informants who continued to live in the target language community improved in their ability to use the shiten in complex/compound sentences, whereas those who returned to their home countries lost what ability they had gained during the summer intensive Japanese language course.Therefore, despite the very small sample size, which precludes major generalizations, there is clear evidence that input in the L2 environment appears to be necessary to master the Japanese shiten system and voice system, especially the indirect passive form. Less