Interlanguage Studies on Voice : The Passive/Active Voice in Complex Sentences

本研究以日语为第二语言/外语（JSL/JFL）的学习者为研究对象，旨在揭示在复杂句生成过程中移情视角的运用。轶事证据表明，日语的非母语人士不仅不能造出符合目的语期望的转折句，而且这些错误还会导致母语人士的混淆或误解。似乎这方面的日语语法一般不教，因此这个项目旨在了解学习者的困难，并建议适当的教学方法。研究过程包括对学习者的三个测试：(1)评估学习者的日语/日语熟练程度，特别是他们在特定书面语境中选择合适语音的能力；(2)以图片提示的方式进行日语复杂句和复合句的生成能力测试；(3)第二个图片提示测试来评估被试使用间接被动语态的能力。第四项测试是对包括间接被动语态和辅助语态在内的语音系统的制作，也使用了图片提示。它被给予三次，作为前测试，后测试，最后作为随访测试，提供横断面和纵向数据。结果表明：(1)学生的共情视角和间接被动视角在流利度总体提高的情况下没有明显的提高；(2)学习者似乎是顺序地、一次一个分句地构建复合句，而没有考虑跨分句边界的共情视角；(3)除了“性质”被动语态外，即使是日语的NSs也很少使用间接被动语态；(4)随访测试表明，继续生活在目标语言社区的举报人在复杂/复合句中使用转折的能力有所提高，而返回原籍国的举报人则失去了在暑期日语强化课程中获得的能力。因此，尽管样本量很小，无法进行重大推广，但有明确的证据表明，在第二语言环境中输入似乎是掌握日语转换系统和语音系统，特别是间接被动语态所必需的。少

The purpose of this study of learner language of Japanese as a second/foreign language (JSL/JFL) was to bring some light to bear on the use of the shiten or empathy perspective in the context of the production of complex sentences. Anecdotal evidence indicates that not only are non-native speakers (NNS) of Japanese unable to produce sentences in which the use of the shiten meets target language expectations, but also that the errors lead to confusion or misunderstanding on the part of the native speaker (NS) listeners. It seems that this aspect of Japanese syntax is not generally taught and thus this project aims seeks to understand the learner difficulty as well as recommend an appropriate teaching approach.The research procedures included three tests of the learners : (1) an assessment of the informants JSL/JFL proficiency, specifically their ability to choose the proper voice for a specified written context ; (2) a picture-prompt elicitation test of their ability to produce complex … More and compound sentences in Japanese ; and (3) a second picture-prompt test to assess the informants ability to use the indirect-passive form. A fourth test of the production of shiten and voice systems, including indirect passives and benefactives, also used picture prompts. It was administered three times, as a pre-test, post-test, and finally as a follow-up test, providing cross-sectional and longitudinal data.The results are as follows : (1) the ability to use the empathy perspective and the indirect-passive showed little improvement despite overall increase in fluency ; (2) the learners appear to construct complex sentences sequentially, one clause at a time, without considering the empathy perspective across clausal boundaries ; (3) except for "property" passives, indirect passives are infrequently used even by NSs of Japanese ; and (4) the follow-up test indicated that the informants who continued to live in the target language community improved in their ability to use the shiten in complex/compound sentences, whereas those who returned to their home countries lost what ability they had gained during the summer intensive Japanese language course.Therefore, despite the very small sample size, which precludes major generalizations, there is clear evidence that input in the L2 environment appears to be necessary to master the Japanese shiten system and voice system, especially the indirect passive form. Less