Analysis of Low Level Living in Japan Using Audit Study

利用审计研究分析日本的低水平生活

• 批准号: 13630054
• 负责人: NAKAGAWA Masayuki
• 金额: $ 1.79万
• 依托单位: Osaka University
• 依托单位国家: 日本
• 项目类别: Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C)
• 财政年份: 2001
• 资助国家: 日本
• 起止时间: 2001 至 2002
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/grant/KAKENHI-PROJECT-13630054/
• 关键词: fair housing audits; age discrimination; segregation; search model; statistical discrimination; fixed-effect logit model; random-effect probit model; 賃貸住宅市場; 所得低下リスク; 居住期間長期化リスク

The fair housing audits is a method which attempts to detect discrimination in the housing market by training a pair of individuals, who differ from each other only as to the attributes to be observed, such as race or age, so that they can deal with the questions from and answers to a real estate agent same, causing the pair to visit a real estate agent in close, succession and recording the treatment they receive, and then processing the recorded data statistically.At first, this paper reports the results of a pilot investigation of age discrimination of elderly living alone in the rental housing market the author conducted in 2001 (the 2001 Osaka Audits).The conclusions reached are as follows :* In the rental housing market in Japan, the volume of information on housing provided to elderly home-seekers is less than that provided to young home-seekers by about 30%.* The hypotheses about reasons for age discrimination that were supported by the data collected were: the hypothesis that … More those with less ability to pay rents in the future are discriminated against (future income hypothesis) ; the one that in the situation where the landlord's right to cancel arental agreement and to raise rents is restricted by the Japanese Tenant Protection Law, tenants expected to stay for a long time are discriminated against (tenancy period hypothesis) ; and the one that the elderly are discriminated against in a neighborhood of young inhabitants (community preference hypothesis). However, the data did not support the hypothesis that the behavior of real estate agents anticipating the elderly's preference for rental houses results in age discrimination (elderly preference hypothesis).* In Japan, moderate residential segregation, where elderly inhabitants are concentrated in a particular neighborhood, is observed. The young people's preference for a neighborhood of young inhabitants (that is consistent with the community preference hypothesis)and inflexibility of rents in the housing market for the elderly are probable reasons for this.Next, this paper reports the outcome of new fair housing audits (the 2002 Osaka Audits), in which improvements were added for some problems in the 2001 Osaka Audits, and analyzes the existence of discrimination against th elderly as a whole and a variety of causes of age discrimination, using a broader range of tests of hypotheses.The results obtained can be summarized as follows : housing discrimination against elderly home-seekers was observed on a significant level. It was also suggested that the risk of the elderly's future income changing, the risk of fire caused by their negligence, the risk of their tenancy period becoming too long, and their preference for location of housing, as well as young people' s preference for neighborhoods of young inhabitants, affected housing discrimination against elderly home-seekers. Finally, it was found that the patterns of restrictions on renting houses to the elderly differed according to their family structure and age. Less

公平住房审计是一种试图发现住房市场歧视的方法，方法是训练一对仅在种族或年龄等观察属性上有所不同的个体，使他们能够以相同的方式处理房地产经纪人的问题和答案，使这两个人连续、近距离地拜访房地产经纪人并记录他们所受到的待遇，然后对记录的数据进行统计处理。首先，本文报告了试点的结果 作者于2001年对租赁住房市场中独居老年人的年龄歧视进行了调查（2001年大阪审计）。得出的结论如下：*在日本的租赁住房市场中，向老年购房者提供的住房信息量比向年轻购房者提供的住房信息量少约30%。*收集到的数据支持的关于年龄歧视原因的假设是： 假设那些未来支付租金能力较差的人受到歧视（未来收入假设）；一是在房东解除租赁协议和提高租金的权利受到日本租客保护法限制的情况下，预期长期居住的租客受到歧视（租期假说）；以及老年人在年轻居民社区中受到歧视的问题（社区偏好假设）。然而，数据并不支持这样的假设：房地产经纪人预期老年人对出租房屋的偏好的行为会导致年龄歧视（老年人偏好假说）。*在日本，观察到老年人居住集中在特定社区的适度住宅隔离。年轻人对年轻居民居住区的偏好（与社区偏好假说一致）和老年人住房市场的租金缺乏灵活性可能是其原因。接下来，本文报告了新的公平住房审计（2002年大阪审计）的结果，其中对2001年大阪审计中的一些问题进行了补充，并分析了对老年人的整体歧视和对老年人的歧视。 年龄歧视的原因多种多样，使用更广泛的假设检验。所得结果可概括如下：观察到针对老年购房者的住房歧视程度显着。也有研究认为，老年人未来收入变化的风险、因疏忽而引发火灾的风险、租期过长的风险、对住房地点的偏好以及年轻人对年轻居民社区的偏好，影响了对老年购房者的住房歧视。最后发现，根据家庭结构和年龄的不同，对老年人租房的限制模式也有所不同。较少的

项目成果

中川雅之: "いかにして差別を検出するか-監査調査法によるアプローチ-"計画行政. NO.72. 50-59 (2002)

Masayuki Nakakawa：“如何检测歧视 - 基于审计和调查方法的方法”规划管理第 50-59 号。

中川雅之: "都市住宅政策の経済分析-都市の差別・リスクに関する実験・実証的アプローチ-"日本評論社. 200 (2003)

Masayuki Nakakawa：“城市住房政策的经济分析 - 城市歧视和风险的实验和实证方法”Nippon Hyoronsha 200 (2003)。

中川雅之: "高齢者集中居住の分析"都市住宅学. NO.39. 19-24 (2002)

中川雅之：“老年人集中居住的分析”《城市住房研究》第39期（2002年）。

Nakagawa, M.: "How to Detect Discrimination: An Approach by the Fair Housing Audits"Planning Administration (Japanese). No.72. 50-59 (2002)

Nakakawa, M.：“如何发现歧视：公平住房审计的一种方法”规划管理局（日语）。

中川雅之: "都市住宅政策の経済分析-都市の差別・リスクに関する実験・実証的アプローチ-"日本評論社. 200頁台前半 (2003)

Masayuki Nakakawa：“城市住房政策的经济分析 - 城市歧视和风险的实验和实证方法”Nippon Hyoronsha 早期 200 页（2003 年）。