Typological Cognitive Study of Grammatical Discrepancy between Kango and Original Chinese

Kango（来自汉语的外来词）在日语中因其意义或情态的特殊化而幸存下来。例如，日语中的“sinkoku”只有“严肃”的意思，而汉语中的“sinkoku”则有更广泛的含义。这种意义的变化造成了两种语言之间的语法差异。日语动词“maibotu”的宾语仅限于抽象，这降低了它的及物性。“kokubetsu”在日语中的意思是“永恒的离别”，而这个词也有“暂时的离别”和“永恒的离别”的意思。在日语中，一个动作或状态的时间长度会影响一个词的意思。例如，日语动词“sumu”的意思仅限于“长期停留”。这种对时间的概念导致了从形容词到动词的转变，如“kincho”、“koofun”或“yukai”。（*kincho da→kincho suru）这些状态被认为是时间状态，即有开始和结束的两端状态。换句话说，它们被认为是一种“变化”。从类型学的角度来看，日语是一种MH（修饰语）语言。正因为如此，一个具有坐标结构的汉语单词在作为Kango输入日语时往往会转变为修饰语结构。例如，“kinniku”在中文中意为“神经和肉体”，而在日语中意为“肌肉”。在汉语这种HM语言中，“funka”、“funen”、“funseki”都被解释为一种活动。相反，在日语中，只有funka被解释为一种活动，funen和funseki都被解释为具体的物体。日语中有很多颠倒的词。因此，通过颠倒顺序，单词可以分为具体和抽象两种不同的类别。日语有很多子分类，如“地点或非地点”、“是否值得听”等，但“属于具体或抽象”的子分类比其他子分类更优越。

1, Kango (borrowed words from Chinese) have survived in Japanese by specialization of its meaning or modality. For example, the Japanese word 'sinkoku' only has the meaning of 'seriousness' while the same word is used in broader way in Chinese. Such a change of meaning causes grammatical discrepancy between the two languages. The object of the Japanese verb 'maibotu' is limited to an abstract, which decreases its transitivity. 'kokubetsu' means 'an eternal parting' in Japanese while the same word includes the meaning of 'a temporal parting' as well as an eternal one. In Japanese, the time length of an action or a state has an influence upon the meaning of a word. For instance, the meaning of the Japanese verb 'sumu' is limited to 'a long-term stay.' This idea of time causes the shift from adjectives to verbs such as 'kincho' , 'koofun' or 'yukai.' (*kincho da→kincho suru) These states are recognized as temporal ones, i. e., states with both ends, the beginning and the end. In other words, they are cognized as a "change."2, From typological point of view, Japanese is a MH (Modifier-Head) language. Because of this, a Chinese word with a coordinate construction often shifts to a modifier construction when imported into Japanese as a Kango. For example, 'kinniku' in Chinese means 'nerve and flesh' while it means 'muscular flesh' in Japanese. In Chinese, which is a HM language, 'funka' 'funen' , ', funseki" are all interpreted as an activity. In Japanese, contrastively, only 'funka' is interpreted as an activity, and 'funen' , 'funseki' are both interpreted as concrete objects.3, There are a lot of reversed words in Japanese. As, words can be divided into two different categories, concrete and abstract, by reversing the order. Japanese has a lot of sub-categorizations such as 'place or non-place' and 'whether it is something to listen to or not', but the sub categorization that 'whether it belongs to a concrete or an abstract ' is superior to other sub categorizations.