Typological Cognitive Study of Grammatical Discrepancy between Kango and Original Chinese

1、汉语借词在日语中的存在是由于其意义或形态的特殊化。例如，日语中的“sinkoku”一词只有“严肃”的意思，而同一个词在中文中的含义更广泛。这种意义上的变化导致了两种语言之间的语法差异。日语动词“maibotu”的宾语被限定为抽象的，这降低了它的及物性。“kokubetsu”在日语中的意思是“永远的离别”，而同一个词既包括“暂时的离别”，也包括“永远的离别”。在日语中，动作或状态的时间长度对单词的含义有影响。例如，日语动词“sumu”的意思仅限于“长期停留”。这种时间观念导致了形容词向动词的转变，如“近町”、“古芬”或“尤凯”。（*kincho da→kincho suru）这些状态被认为是时间的，即。例如，有两个终点，开始和结束。换句话说，它们被认知为“变化”。2、从类型学的角度来看，日语是一种MH（Modifier-Head）语言。因此，具有并列结构的中文单词在作为Kango导入日语时通常会转变为修饰结构。例如，“kinniku”在中文中的意思是“神经和肉”，而在日语中则是“肌肉”。在中国，这是一个HM语言，'funka'，'funen'，'，funseki'都被解释为一种活动。日语中只有funka被解释为活动，funen和funseki都被解释为具体的对象。3、日语中有大量的倒装词。因为，通过颠倒顺序，单词可以分为两个不同的类别，具体的和抽象的。日语有很多次范畴，如“场所或非场所”、"是否是听的东西“等，但”是具体还是抽象“的次范畴却比其他次范畴优越上级。

1, Kango (borrowed words from Chinese) have survived in Japanese by specialization of its meaning or modality. For example, the Japanese word 'sinkoku' only has the meaning of 'seriousness' while the same word is used in broader way in Chinese. Such a change of meaning causes grammatical discrepancy between the two languages. The object of the Japanese verb 'maibotu' is limited to an abstract, which decreases its transitivity. 'kokubetsu' means 'an eternal parting' in Japanese while the same word includes the meaning of 'a temporal parting' as well as an eternal one. In Japanese, the time length of an action or a state has an influence upon the meaning of a word. For instance, the meaning of the Japanese verb 'sumu' is limited to 'a long-term stay.' This idea of time causes the shift from adjectives to verbs such as 'kincho' , 'koofun' or 'yukai.' (*kincho da→kincho suru) These states are recognized as temporal ones, i. e., states with both ends, the beginning and the end. In other words, they are cognized as a "change."2, From typological point of view, Japanese is a MH (Modifier-Head) language. Because of this, a Chinese word with a coordinate construction often shifts to a modifier construction when imported into Japanese as a Kango. For example, 'kinniku' in Chinese means 'nerve and flesh' while it means 'muscular flesh' in Japanese. In Chinese, which is a HM language, 'funka' 'funen' , ', funseki" are all interpreted as an activity. In Japanese, contrastively, only 'funka' is interpreted as an activity, and 'funen' , 'funseki' are both interpreted as concrete objects.3, There are a lot of reversed words in Japanese. As, words can be divided into two different categories, concrete and abstract, by reversing the order. Japanese has a lot of sub-categorizations such as 'place or non-place' and 'whether it is something to listen to or not', but the sub categorization that 'whether it belongs to a concrete or an abstract ' is superior to other sub categorizations.