An International Comparative Study on Educational Restructuring and Changing Roles of Teachers

本研究拟从比较的角度，探讨在社会变迁与教育改革下，教师的角色与教学文化。为此，本研究主要进行了三个方面的研究：（1）对日本1177名中小学教师和中国728名中小学教师的角色、日常行为和生活方式进行问卷调查;（2）研究日本、英国、美国、瑞士、新加坡等10多个国家的教育改革运动及其对教师角色和日常实践的影响，德国和中国的学校活动和特别活动的问卷调查;（3）东京和日本的小学和初中的学校活动和特别活动的问卷调查。部分研究成果已作为学术期刊论文发表，并在国际和日本教育协会会议上发表。还出版了两份研究报告：《在变化的社会中变化的学校》（1999年3月，154页）和《关于日本和中国教师的价值观、态度和生活方式的比较研究》（2001年3月，169页），这两份报告都是由藤田裕典编辑的。主要研究结果如下：（1）中日两国的教学都是由大量的工作和任务组成的，但它们的组织方式却有很大的不同，这反映了两国的历史背景、学校教育的文化传承以及社会经济和教育发展的阶段。(2)两国教师在教学和办学方面都面临着各种各样的要求和批评的压力，教学沿着着办学规模的扩大和学校管理的官僚化而呈现出集约化的趋势。(3)在教师的组织及其各种角色中，学院制已经制度化，并与群体主义的社会文化传统相结合，并发挥着发展教学文化和教师精神的作用。

This Study intended to investigate the roles of teachers and the culture of teaching in a ch anging society and under the on-going education reforms from the comparative perspective. For this purpose, we conducted three major studies : (1) The questionnaire survey on roles, daily practices and life style of 1177 elementary and lower secondary school teachers in Japan and 728 teachers in China ; (2) Study on education reform movements and their influences over teachers' roles and daily practices in about 10 countires including Japan, UK, USA, Switzerland, Shingapore, Germany and China ; and (3) The questionnaire survey on school events and special acitivities at elementary and lower secondary schools in Tokyo and in Japan. Some of the research results were published as academic journal papers as well as presented at the conferences of international and Japanese educational associations. Two research reports were also published : Changing School in a Changing Society (March 1999, 154pp) and A Comparison Study on Teachers' values, attitudes and life-style in Japan and China (March 2001, 169pp), both edited by Hidenori Fujita. Some of the major findings are as follows :(1) Teaching is composed of so many works and tasks both in Japan and in China, But their organization is significantly different between these two countries, reflecting historical backgrounds, cultural heritage of schooling and the stage of socio-economic and educational development of the respective country.(2) Teachers are under the heavy pressure of various requests and criticism over teaching and schooling in both countries, and teaching tends to become intensified along with the expansion of schooling and bureacratization of school administration.(3) Collegiality is institutionalized in the organization of teachers and their various roles, intermingled with a socio-cultural tradition of groupism, and is functioning to develop the culture of teaching and the ethos of teachers.