An International Comparative Study on the Roles and Functions of Schools and Teachers in a Changing Society

本研究从比较法、社会学的角度，研究了当前社会转型中的激进教育改革对学校和教师的角色和职能的重组和转变，并进行了以下三个方面的主要工作。对日本、英国和美国等国近期教育改革和政策的比较和社会学研究：在日本、英国和美国等许多发达国家，为了提高教育质量、追求卓越、提高行政效率和教育透明度等，许多发达国家都进行了激进的教育改革。这些改革运动涉及一些危险，如与新自由主义和以市场为导向的意识形态捆绑在一起的“力量逻辑”重组教育的危险；忽视教师和教学的全面性、协作性和专业专长的危险；以及教师的Ro…微不足道的危险。测试和审计文化对新出现的管控风格的危险；破坏和恶化教师对教师的信任和信心以及教师角色的合法性的危险。对日本、中国和英国进行的教师生活和工作问卷调查的分析：调查项目包括教师日常生活；师生关系；教师之间的大学关系；教师对学生、教育和教学专业的看法；家长对学校和教师的期望；教师工作的活动及其构成；学校管理；教学实践和发展教学能力的努力等。研究内容包括：教师工作和自主的结构；教师共事、协作、合作和共同体的形式、条件和文化；教师的专业专长和信心结构；教育环境的变化及其对教学工作的强化；以及教学实践和教师习惯的模式。研究发现，日本教师的合作与合作水平高于中国和英国教师，其水平和模式与日本学校和教育机构的制度和组织安排相联系并嵌入其中。21世纪教学与教师教育国际会议于2003年12月在国际基督教大学举行。上述两项研究的主要成果在日本国内外举行的各种会议上发表，并以学术期刊文章、书籍章节和两份研究报告的形式发表。较少

This study investigates how the roles and functions of schools and teachers have been reorganized and transformed by the current radical educational reform in a changing society, from a comparative, sociological perspective, and conducted the following three major works.1. Comparative and sociological research on recent educational reforms and policies in the countries like Japan, UK and USA : In many developed countries including Japan, UK and USA, radical education reforms have taken place for the purposes of educational quality enhancement, excellence seeking, administrative efficiency and transparency in education, and so forth. Some dangers are involved in these reform movements, such as the danger of restructuring education by "the logic of the strength" that is tied up with neo-liberal and market-oriented ideologies ; the dangers of neglecting the comprehensiveness, collaborative nature and professional expertise of teachers and teaching and of the trivialization of teacher's ro … More le ; the danger of newly emerging management and control style by testing and audit culture ; and the danger of undermining and deteriorating the trust toward and confidence of teachers and the legitimacy of teacher roles.2. Analysis of the questionnaire survey on teachers' life and work conducted in Japan, China and UK : Survey items cover teacher's daily life ; teacher-student relationship ; collegial relations among teachers ; teachers' views of students, education and teaching profession ; parents' expectations to schools and teachers ; activities and their composition of teachers' work ; school management ; teaching practices and efforts to develop teaching capacity ; and so forth. The following aspects and themes are investigated, such as the structure of teacher's work and autonomy ; forms, conditions and culture of collegiality, collaboration, cooperation and community of teachers ; the structure of professional expertise and confidence of teachers ; changes of educational environments and their associated intensification of teaching job ; and modes of teaching practices and teachers' habitus. It revealed that the level of collegiality and collaboration is higher among Japanese teachers than among Chinese or British teachers and that its level and modes are linked with and embedded in institutional and organizational arrangements of Japanese schools and educational apparatuses.3. International Conference on Teaching and Teacher Education in the 21^<st> Century was hosted at International Christian University in December 2003. Major findings of the above-mentioned two researches were presented at various conferences held both inside and outside Japan, and published as articles for academic journals, as book chapters and as two research reports. Less