CHANGES IN VIETNAMESE AGRIOULTURE UNDER OPEN MARKET POLICY

越南国内生产总值（国内总产值）在1990年至1997年期间按真实的价格计算的年复合增长率为8.4%，1998年的增长速度较低。1999年人均收入为351美元（1995年为300美元），相当于国内生产总值273.83亿美元，人口约为7 800万。尽管中部地区发生了干旱和洪水，农业仍增长了2.7%。工业部门以相当健康的9.3%的速度增长，采矿业和公用事业的强劲表现引领。自1975年以来，越南大米产量持续增长，自1989年以来，大米出口量一直保持在每年约200万吨的水平，直到1996年，自1997年以来，每年超过400万吨。大米出口收入可能无法为各种经济重建计划增加足够的外汇，但粮食净盈余肯定会维持快速增长的人口的社会稳定，使越南能够为世界粮食安全做出积极贡献。 关于我们 rld.虽然其他因素--技术的改进、灌溉系统的增加和投入的可用性--促成了越南大米出口的大幅增长，但根本因素是政府政策向社会主义市场经济的迅速转变，通常被称为“doi moi”。这一变化包括农业的“私有化”，农民有自己的土地耕种，对外贸易的开放，大米在国内的自由分配等，尽管经济有增长的趋势，但农业仍然面临着巨大的挑战。一是失地农民比例增加. 1998年9月，政府委托进行的一项调查结果报告说，在五年内（1994 - 1998年），湄公河三角洲有136，338户农户失去了耕地。在其他地区，特别是中央高地，也存在类似的趋势。二是农业信贷。大约70%的农民缺乏生产资金。但国家农村银行甚至不能满足他们一半的需求。穷人银行，以补贴利率运作（每月0.9%），另一方面，几乎不可能有足够的贫困农民客户，因为普遍担心的是，"他们不知道该怎么做，有足够的钱来偿还债务"在1999年全国农业规划会议上，2000年及以后，首相强调政府决心把国家的力量集中在农业和农村发展上。特别是，"应用适当的先进技术，进一步提高农作物、牲畜、水产养殖的产量和质量."通过开发适当的收获后技术和加工设施，提高这些产品的附加值;组织农业合作社，从生产到销售进行综合业务。少

Viet Nam's gross domestic product (GDP), which grew in real terms at an annual compound rate of 8.4 percent between 1990 and 1997, expanded at amore modest pace in 1998. Per capita income is $351 in 1999 (compared to $300 in 1995), corresponding to a GDP of $27,383 million and a population of about 78 million. Agriculture grew at 2.7 percent, in spite of a combination of drought and flooding in the Central Region. The industry sector grew at a rather healthy 9.3 percent rate, led by strong performance of mining and utilities.Vietnamese rice production continue to expand since 1975, and rice exports continued since 1989 with about 2 MMT annually till 1996, and exceeded 4 MMT annually since 1997. The income from rice export may not add enough foreign currencies needed for various economic reconstruction programs, but a net surplus of food grains certainly maintains the social's stability of a fast growing population and enabling Vietnam to contribute positively to food security in the wo … More rld. Although other factors -- improved technology, increased irrigation systems, and availability of inputs -- contributed to the big leap in Vietnamese rice exports, the underlying factor was the rapid change in government policy toward a socialist type of market economy, often known as 'doi moi'. The change included the 'privatization' of agriculture in which farmers have their own land to till, opening of foreign trade, free domestic distribution of rice, etc. Although the economy has progressed with an increasing tendency, it still has to face big challenges ahead in agriculture. The first is increased rate of land - lost farmers. The result of a government - commissioned survey reported in September 1998 that in five years (1994-1998) there were 136, 338 farming households in the Mekong Delta lost their cultivated land. In other regions, particularly the Central Highlands, similar trend exists. The second is agricultural credit. About 70% of all farmers lack capital for production. But the national rural banks could not satisfy even half of their needs. The Bank for Poor, operating at a subsidized interest rate (0.9% per month), on the other hand, could hardly have enough poor farmer customers because the general fear is that 'they don't know what to do to have enough money to repay the debt'At the national meeting on agricultural planning for 2000 and beyond in 1999, the prime Minister has emphasized the Government's determination to concentrate national effort in agricultural and rural development. In particular, 'application of appropriate advanced technologies to further increase yields and quality of crops, livestock, aquaculture... ; to increase added values of these products by developing appropriate postharvest technology and processing facilities ; to organize agricultural cooperatives with integrated business from production to marketing. Less