CHANGES IN VIETNAMESE AGRIOULTURE UNDER OPEN MARKET POLICY

越南的国内生产总值(GDP)在1990年至1997年期间以8.4%的年复合增长率增长，1998年的增长速度较为温和。1999年人均收入为351美元(1995年为300美元)，相当于国内生产总值273.83亿美元，人口约7800万。尽管中部地区遭受了旱灾和洪涝灾害，农业仍增长了2.7%。在矿业和公用事业强劲表现的带动下，越南工业部门以相当健康的9.3%的速度增长。自1975年以来，越南大米产量继续扩大，自1989年以来，大米出口量一直保持在每年约200万公吨，直到1996年，自1997年以来，大米出口量每年超过400万公吨。大米出口的收入可能不会为各种经济重建计划增加足够的外汇，但粮食的净盈余肯定会维持快速增长的人口的社会稳定，并使越南能够为wo…的粮食安全做出积极贡献更真实。尽管技术进步、灌溉系统增加和投入可获得性等其他因素促成了越南大米出口的大幅增长，但潜在的因素是政府政策迅速转向社会主义类型的市场经济，通常被称为DOI MOI。这些变化包括农业私有化，农民有自己的土地可耕种，对外贸易开放，大米在国内自由流通等。尽管经济有增长的趋势，但农业仍然面临着巨大的挑战。一是失地农民失地比例上升。1998年9月政府委托进行的一项调查报告称，在五年内(1994-1998)，湄公河三角洲有136,338户农户失去了耕地。在其他地区，特别是中央高地，也存在类似的趋势。二是农业信贷。大约70%的农民缺乏生产所需的资金。但全国性的村镇银行甚至无法满足一半的需求。另一方面，以补贴利率(每月0.9%)运营的穷人银行很难有足够的贫困农民客户，因为人们普遍担心，他们不知道如何才能有足够的钱来偿还债务。在1999年关于2000年及以后的全国农业规划会议上，总理强调了政府集中全国努力在农业和农村发展上的决心。特别是，应用适当的先进技术，进一步提高作物、牲畜、水产养殖的产量和质量……通过开发适当的采后技术和加工设施，提高这些产品的附加值；组织从生产到销售一体化的农业合作社。较少

Viet Nam's gross domestic product (GDP), which grew in real terms at an annual compound rate of 8.4 percent between 1990 and 1997, expanded at amore modest pace in 1998. Per capita income is $351 in 1999 (compared to $300 in 1995), corresponding to a GDP of $27,383 million and a population of about 78 million. Agriculture grew at 2.7 percent, in spite of a combination of drought and flooding in the Central Region. The industry sector grew at a rather healthy 9.3 percent rate, led by strong performance of mining and utilities.Vietnamese rice production continue to expand since 1975, and rice exports continued since 1989 with about 2 MMT annually till 1996, and exceeded 4 MMT annually since 1997. The income from rice export may not add enough foreign currencies needed for various economic reconstruction programs, but a net surplus of food grains certainly maintains the social's stability of a fast growing population and enabling Vietnam to contribute positively to food security in the wo … More rld. Although other factors -- improved technology, increased irrigation systems, and availability of inputs -- contributed to the big leap in Vietnamese rice exports, the underlying factor was the rapid change in government policy toward a socialist type of market economy, often known as 'doi moi'. The change included the 'privatization' of agriculture in which farmers have their own land to till, opening of foreign trade, free domestic distribution of rice, etc. Although the economy has progressed with an increasing tendency, it still has to face big challenges ahead in agriculture. The first is increased rate of land - lost farmers. The result of a government - commissioned survey reported in September 1998 that in five years (1994-1998) there were 136, 338 farming households in the Mekong Delta lost their cultivated land. In other regions, particularly the Central Highlands, similar trend exists. The second is agricultural credit. About 70% of all farmers lack capital for production. But the national rural banks could not satisfy even half of their needs. The Bank for Poor, operating at a subsidized interest rate (0.9% per month), on the other hand, could hardly have enough poor farmer customers because the general fear is that 'they don't know what to do to have enough money to repay the debt'At the national meeting on agricultural planning for 2000 and beyond in 1999, the prime Minister has emphasized the Government's determination to concentrate national effort in agricultural and rural development. In particular, 'application of appropriate advanced technologies to further increase yields and quality of crops, livestock, aquaculture... ; to increase added values of these products by developing appropriate postharvest technology and processing facilities ; to organize agricultural cooperatives with integrated business from production to marketing. Less