Empirical Analysis of Global Environmental Policy Networks in Japan, the United States, Germany and Korea in the Comparative Political Perspective

在研究期间，我们分别针对日本、韩国、美国和德国四个国家进行了两类调查(全球环境政策网络调查，简称GEPON调查和关于民间社会组织和利益集团的跨国调查，简称JIG调查)。我们在前三个国家实际做了调查，最后在2000年完成了德国的调查。在分析的准备方面，我们首先清理了数据，并以日语出版了所有的码本，总共进行了八次调查：1999年的韩国和日本，2001年的美国和德国。关于GEPON的数据，我们从以下几个方面对日本和韩国进行了比较：1)政策网络的规模，具体是主要参与者的数量；2)各种不同类别组织的组成，或它们在网络中的份额；3)各自参与者的影响力评估排名。尽管两国演员类别的构成相似，但有趣的是，日本的网络规模相对较小，存在官僚作风和商业偏见(它们相对占上风)，而不是韩国，后者表现出相对的媒体和非政府组织的偏见。此外，我们还进行了网络分析，以了解日本政策网络的结构，以便绘制出参与者-集群之间的结构关系图。结合JIGS数据，我们比较了三个国家(日本、韩国和美国)，然后撰写了一系列文章，目前正在准备出版成书。主要发现与三者之间的相似和不同有关。一个例子是，在日本，民间社会组织总体上稳步增长，但与其他两个组织相比，它仍然有发展主义的倾向(生产者和商业部门的偏见)。然而，即使在日本，在1990年也出现了一股非政府组织和非营利组织的浪潮，成功地将其制度化为非营利组织法。

During the research period, we tried to conduct two kinds of surveys (Global Environmental Policy Network Surveys, for short GEPON surveys and Cross-national Surveys on Civil Society Organizations and Interest Groups, for short JIGS surveys) for respective four countries, Japan, Korea, the U.S.and Germany. We actually did them in former three countries and regarding German survey we finally completed them in the year of 2000.As for the preparation of analysis, first we cleaned the data and published all codebooks in Japanese for total eight surveys : in 1999 for Korea and Japan, and 2001 for the U.S.and Germany.Regarding the GEPON data, we compare Japan and Korea as for 1) the size of policy networks, concretely the numbers of major actors, 2) the composition of variety of different category organizations, or the proportion of their share in the networks, 3) the influence-evaluation ranking of respective actors. While both countries share the similar composition of actor categories, Japan, interestingly, has relatively small network size with bureaucracy and business bias (relative supremacy of them) rather than those of Korea that shows relatively media and NGOs bias in reverse. In addition, we conducted a network analysis to know the structure of policy networks in Japan in order to draw a structural relational map among actor-clusters.Concerning the JIGS data, we compared three countries (Japan, Korea and the U.S.), and then wrote a series of articles that is now under preparation for publication as a book. Major findings are related to similarities and differences among three. One example is that in Japan there has been a steady growth of civil society organizations in general but it still has a tendency of developmentalism (producer and business sector bias) in comparison to other two. However even in Japan, in 1990 there is a wave-like surge of NGOs and NPOs that succeeded in institutionalization as NPO law.