Comparative and Empirical Study on Interest Groups and Civil Society Organization in China and other Countries

在该项目中，通过邮寄方式向北京市和浙江、黑龙江两省各级政府和民事行政主管部门登记的社会组织进行了调查(收到2858份有效回复，有效回复率为32.1%)。调查工具共包括65个问题，涵盖范围广泛的主题，包括社会组织的成立情况及其人员、财务和活动。通过调查发现：第一，从社会组织的类型来看，学术组织虽然是自愿成立的，但在财政上对政府的依赖程度很高，在活动中也表现出与政府融合的趋势。相比之下，行业组织采用自上而下的组织结构，拥有独特的财务基础，利用人事网络…更多地与政府分享，并积极开展游说活动，表现出某些倾向于[像]利益集团。第二，从地域上看，浙江省的社会组织在人事方面具有较高的独立性。黑龙江省的社会组织面临着严峻的财政困难，对目前严格的社会组织管理体制表现出不满的倾向。第三，从社会组织注册的层级来看，社会组织的注册层级越低，自愿成立的比例也就越低，显然，在财政方面，这些社会组织表现出依赖政府的倾向。第四，从成立年份看，上世纪80年代以来出现的社会组织(即较新的社会组织)中，自愿成立的比例很高，在人员和财政上都表现出独立于政府的趋势。在分析方面，我们利用图形分析技术，将各个变量的相对贴近度绘制成图表，以掌握总体结构。本研究的研究对象是中国所在的全国公司制内的社会组织，这项研究被认为是把握中国市民社会结构及其变化的基础性批判性研究。此外，从日本、韩国、美国和德国进行的包含相同类型问题的类似研究来看，在中国这样一个过去可能有特殊宪法倾向的国家，本研究的主要成果是通过积累关于中国的丰富的基础数据，对比较政治学的辩论做出了贡献。较少

In this project, a survey was administered by post to social organizations registered at each government and civil administrative jurisdictional level in the city of Beijing and the provinces of Zhejiang and Heilongjiang (2,858 valid responses were received for a valid response rate of 32.1%). The survey instrument consisted of a total of 65 questions, covering a wide range of topics including the circumstances regarding the establishment of social organizations, as well as their personnel, finances, and activities. Through the survey, the following points are revealed:First, in looking at social organizations as differentiated by type, academic organizations, despite having been voluntarily formed, have a high level of financial dependence on the government and demonstrate trends of integration with the government as well in their activities. In contrast, trade organizations, with their top-down organizational structure, have a unique financial base, make use of the personnel network … More shared with the government, and proactively undertake lobbying activities, demonstrating certain tendencies towards [being like] interest groups. Second, in terms of area, the social organizations of Zhejiang province possess a high level of independence, comparatively speaking, in personnel matters. The social organizations of Heilongjiang face challenging financial difficulties and demonstrate inclinations towards being dissatisfied with the currently strict social organization administration system. Third, in looking at the level at which social organizations are registered, it appears that insofar as the level at which the social organizations are registered is low, the percentage of voluntary establishment also decreases, and it is clear that in terms of finances, these social organization demonstrate tendencies of being reliant on the government. Fourth, in looking at the year of establishment, a high percentage of the social organizations that have come into being since the 1980s (in other words, comparatively new social organizations) were voluntarily established, and they demonstrate trends of being independent from the government in terms of both personnel and finances.With regard to the analysis, we utilized graphical analysis techniques, and each variable's relative proximity was diagrammatized to attain a grasp of the overall structure.The social organizations that were the target for this research are those social organizations within the national corporatist system in China, and this research is recognized as being a fundamental critical study in grasping the structure of China's civil society and changes within that structure. In addition, from similar studies undertaken in Japan, South Korea, the U.S., and Germany that included the same types of question items, in a country such as China that may be characterized by its trend towards having a special constitution in the past, the main accomplishment of this research is its contribution to the debate in comparative political science through accumulation of abundant and fundamental data concerning China. Less