Symbiotic Evolution between Dipterocarpaceae, Fungi & Insects

1998年和1999年，在马来西亚、泰国和斯里兰卡进行了几次探险旅行：1998年7月在马来西亚的基纳巴鲁地区；1998年9月到马来西亚FRIM的双龙脑林；1998年9月前往马来西亚沙巴Semengo国家公园；1999年1月到曼谷附近的一个自然森林；1999年1月到清迈和清来的天然林；1999年3月赴泰国帕索、库巴和Semengo；1999年3月到泰国南部的那拉奇瓦；2000年1月在斯里兰卡的几片森林。利用上述考察获得的资料，我们试图通过DNA测序的方法确定龙脑果与真菌、真菌与果蝇的物种名称，从而确定龙脑果与真菌共生的特异性。Dipterocarpus使用了几个叶绿体DNA区域（matK， trn L-trn F之间的基因间区域，trn L的内含子）和一个核基因gapC，部分rRNA基因用于真菌分析。对果蝇的ITS区和淀粉酶进行了研究。利用这些测序数据，我们可以建立一个良好可靠的双龙果物种分子系统发育树。对于真菌树，已发表的rRNA树通过加入我们的测序数据进行了改进。在大多数情况下，在共生的双龙果类和真菌之间没有发现明确的特异性。为了获得共生的一般特征，积累更多的数据是必不可少的。由于我们仍在努力确定果蝇的名称，因此尚无关于真菌和果蝇之间关系的数据。

In 1998 and 1999 several expedition trips were conducted to Malaysia, Thailand, and Srilanka : to Kinabaru area, Malaysia in July, 1998 ; to Dipterocarp forest in FRIM, Malaysia in September, 1998 ; to Semengo National Park, Saba, Malaysia in September, 1998 ; to a natural forest near Bangkok in January 1999 ; to natural forests in Chiangmai and Chiangrai in January 1999 ; to Paso, Kuba, and Semengo in Thailand in March 1999 ; to Narachiwat in southern Thailand in March 1999 ; to several forests in Srilanka in January 2000. Using the materials obtained during the above expeditions we tried to determine the specificity of the symbiosis between Dipterocarp and fungi, and between fungi and Drosophila by identifying the species name of these organisms by the method of DNA sequencing. Several chloroplast DNA regions (matK, intergenic regions between trn L-trn F, intron of trn L), and a nuclear gene, gapC were used for Dipterocarpus, and a part of rRNA gene was used for the analysis of fungi. ITS region and amylase were tried for Drosophila. We could establish a good reliable molecular phylogenetical tree of Dipterocarp species using these sequencing data. As for the tree of fungi published trees of rRNA were improved by adding our sequencing data. In most cases no clear specificities were found between symbiotic Dipterocarp species and fungi. The accumulation of more data is essential for obtaining general features of symbiosis. No data are available yet for the relationship between fungi and Drosophila since we are still trying to identify the name of Drosophila.