Genetics and Evolution of Between-species Interaction in Tropical Forests : Symbiosis and Specificity among Trees, Ectomycchoriza, and Insects

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Symbiotic interaction between different species is important for the existence of tropical forests. Symbiosis between Dipterocarpaceae and ectomycorrhiza is especially well known in forests of South East Asia. Objective of this project is to learn nature and evolution of the symbiosis between major tropical trees(Dipterocarpaceae) and fungi (ectomycorrhiza), and between fungi(mushrooms) and insects(Drosophila). We collected tree leaves of Dipterocarpaceae, symbiotic roots of trees(ectomycorrhiza), fruiting body of fungi(mushrooms), and Drosophila from mushrooms in natural forests of Malaysia, Thailand and Srilanka. Then we identified the species name whenever possible, and sequenced DNA. Finally phylogenetic analysis was done. The results are : 1) we could construct molecular phylogenetic trees of Dipterocarpaceae covering 13 genera , 60 species together with data from ectomycorrhizal roots. 2) Phylogenetic trees of ectomycorrhizal roots were also constructed together with those of fungi data base. 3) The mycorrhizal fungi identified by ML and/or ITS sequences belonged to the following seven families. Russulaceae, Boletaceae, Cortinariaceae, Thelephoraceae, Hygrophoraceae, Sclerodermataceae, Cantharellaceae and Amanitaceae. The dipterocarp species identified by matK and/or trnL-trnF sequences belonged to the following genera : Dryobalanops, Hopea, Vatica, Cotylelobium, Anisoptera, Upuna, Dipterocarpus and Shorea. 4) Memebers of the Thelephoraceae appeared to be the most abundant and were usually associated with Shorea species. 5) Identification of Drosophila collected together with mushrooms is still under investigation.