Molecular population genetical studies of evolution.

分子生物学的最新进展给进化论的研究带来了巨大的影响。本课题以果蝇(山崎、百里、石和、草部和高野)和野生植物(宫下)为模式生物，在分子水平上研究了果蝇基因的多态、结构和变化。这些研究揭示了分子进化的各个方面。许多先前的研究表明，大多数分子数据与木村1968年提出的中性分子进化理论是一致的，该理论指出，分子水平上的大多数基因替换是由于选择性中性突变的随机固定。然而，通过选择与生物对环境的反应直接相关的基因、周期(行为)和淀粉酶(可诱导的)，我们获得了适应性氨基酸替换的实验证据，特别是在物种形成过程中。此外，Hiroyoshi在他对性别决定因素I…的研究中发现了有趣的现象更多的家蝇和现在澄清这一现象的分子方法正在进行中。原田估计同工酶基因座的自发突变率为每代7×10~(-7)，这是进化研究中的一个非常重要的参数。在理论研究方面，在中性理论(Kimura，Ohta，Tajima，Tchida和Iizuka)的发展，构建系统发育的方法论(Tajima)，多基因家族和重复序列的进化理论(Ohta和Tchida)，以及多态维持机制的研究(Takahata)方面取得了很大进展。在我们的项目中，我们试图通过理论和实验相结合的方法来理解适应性进化的分子机制。我们的发现被认为是这一新的分子进化领域的里程碑，该领域研究了表型进化和分子进化之间的相互关系。我们现在相信，在(分子和表型)两个层面上对进化的统一理解是我们可以达到的。较少

Recent progress in molecular biology has brought a large impact on the study of evolution. In the present project, we investigated the amount of polymorphisms and structures and changes of genes at the molecular level using Drosophila (Yamazaki,Tobari,Ishiwa,Kusakabe and Takano) and wild plants (Miyashita) as model organisms. These studies have revealed various aspects of molecular evolution. As many previous studies had shown, most molecular data are compatible with the neutral theory of molecular evolution proposed by Kimura in 1968 which states that most gene substitutions at the molecular level are due to random fixations of selectively neutral mutations. However, by selecting genes, period (behavior) and amylase (inducible), which are directly involved in organismal response to the environments, we obtained experimental evidences of adaptive amino acid substitutions especially during speciation. Also Hiroyoshi found interesting phenomena in his study on sex determination factors i … More n house flies and now molecular approaches to clarify this phenomena are in progress. Harada estimated the spontaneous mutation rate of isozyme loci, which is a very important parameter in the study of evolution, to be 7 x 10^<-7> per generation.As to theoretical studies, much progress was made in the development of the neutral theory (Kimura,Ohta,Tajima,Tachida and Iizuka), the methodology of constructing phylogeny (Tajima), evolutionary theories of multigene families and repeated sequences (Ohta and Tachida) and studies on the maintenance mechanisms of polymorphisms (Takahata). In our project, we attempted to understand the molecular mechanisms of adaptive evolution combining theoretical and experimental approaches. Our findings are considered to be landmarks to this new area of molecular evolution which investigates the interrelationships between the phenotypic evolution and the molecular evolution. We now believe that the unified understanding of evolution at both (molecular and phenotypic) levels is within our reach. Less