Do dimensions of adversity differentially predict neural development and psychopathology in young children?

项目总结/摘要 早期逆境深刻影响儿童发展的各个方面，包括大脑发育， 对压力的生理反应，以及长期精神疾病的风险。这些影响的大多数模型都集中在 儿童时期不良经历的数量而非特征。目前的提案测试一部小说 概念模型侧重于暴露的类型，区分了体验的两个主要维度 这是多种形式的逆境的基础：剥夺和威胁。延迟意味着缺乏丰富， 期望认知和社会输入的物种（例如，忽视）。威胁是指实际的或感觉到的危险， 儿童的身体完整性（例如，暴力）。 在这里，我们测试的假设，剥夺和威胁增加风险的精神病理学，通过 可分离的神经生物学通路。我们用基本的动物和人类神经科学来识别这些通路 并将其作为对现有模型的补充。拟议的项目将审查 剥夺和威胁对认知控制系统和消极神经网络的发展 瓦朗斯系统公司我们预测，早期剥夺暴露会导致认知控制能力下降， 支持认知控制的神经系统受到破坏。相比之下，早期的威胁暴露会导致 扰乱了恐惧学习和恐惧回路的改变。目前的建议将我们以前的工作扩展到 包括对儿童中期精神病理学的纵向预测，以及对 提出了神经发育机制。 人们普遍认为，逆境主要影响儿童早期的神经发育， 然而，这些联系最常在青春期和成年期进行研究。在这里，我们建议调查 4-7岁的幼儿在这些系统处于高峰期时的早期逆境暴露 发展为了评估幼儿的贫困和威胁，我们将使用深入的家庭评估 包括观察和家长报告措施。所有儿童将完成结构MRI和功能MRI检查。 脑电和功能磁共振成像。PI拥有从儿童那里收集此类措施的丰富经验 在这个年龄范围内，这项工作直接从她最近完成的K 01奖。理解 将逆境与精神病理学联系起来的神经发育过程将开辟预防的新途径 和干预。拟议的研究将直接解决NIMH战略计划的目标1和2。

Project Summary/Abstract Early adversity profoundly affects diverse aspects of child development, including brain development, physiological reactivity to stress, and long-term risk for mental illness. Most models of these effects focus on the number rather than character of adverse childhood experiences. The current proposal tests a novel conceptual model focused on the type of exposure, which differentiates two primary dimensions of experience underlying multiple forms of adversity: deprivation and threat. Deprivation involves a lack of enriching and species expectant cognitive and social inputs (e.g., neglect). Threat involves actual or perceived danger to the physical integrity of the child (e.g., exposure to violence). Here we test the hypothesis that deprivation and threat increase risk for psychopathology through separable neurobiological pathways. We identify these pathways using basic animal and human neuroscience and present them as compliments to existing models. The proposed project will examine the impact of deprivation and threat on the development of neural networks in Cognitive Control Systems and Negative Valance Systems. We predict that early deprivation exposure results in reduced cognitive control, and disruptions in the neural systems supporting cognitive control. Early threat exposure, in contrast, results in disrupted fear learning and alterations in fear circuitry. The current proposal extends our previous work to include longitudinal prediction of psychopathology during middle childhood and in depth evaluation of the proposed neurodevelopmental mechanisms. It is widely hypothesized that adversity primarily influences neural development during early childhood, yet these associations are most often studied in adolescence and adulthood. Here we propose investigating early adversity exposure in young children aged 4-7 years when these systems are undergoing peak development. To assess deprivation and threat in young children we will use in-depth home assessments including observational and parent-report measures. All children will complete structural MRI and functional neuroimaging using EEG and fMRI. The PI has extensive experience collecting such measures from children in this age range and this work follows directly from her recently completed K01 award. Understanding neurodevelopmental processes linking adversity to psychopathology will open up new pathways to prevention and intervention. The proposed research would directly address Objectives 1 and 2 of the NIMH strategic plan.