Mosquito hydration status as a mechanism that alters pre-feeding host interactions and post-feeding physiology

项目总结 昆虫极易脱水，个体在接触几个小时后可能会死亡。 干燥的条件。蚊子很容易脱水，因为失水率很高，尤其是 当气温较高时，相对湿度较低，缺乏饮用水。重要的是，如果脱水 蚊子迁徙到更潮湿的地区，脱水诱导的表型可以持续数小时。近期 研究已经研究了蚊子在旱季条件下的发育和其他特定主题领域，但 还没有综合性的研究来检验脱水发作对蚊子行为、生理和 疾病传播的可能性。对于大多数昆虫来说，暴露在干旱时期会促使它们退缩到 有利的微生境，直到条件改善，这可能需要几个小时或几周的时间。我们的初步研究 表明蚊子的活跃性和摄血量在亚致死后增加了三到四倍 脱水，但这种表型的潜在机制和影响尚不清楚。这件事的重点是 该提案将研究脱水对蚊子生物学的影响，特别是如何干燥 应激改变了蚊子的一般生物学、宿主选择、宿主与病原体的相互作用和疾病传播。这个 主要研究生物将是西尼罗河病毒的媒介--北方家蚊，以及 埃及伊蚊蚊种比较研究。这些研究由1)实验支持 能够区分只暴露在干燥条件下和直接蚊子脱水之间的影响的设计 (=生物失水)，2)对CRISPR-Cas9化学感觉蛋白系的初步研究 改变了水的吸引力，3)血液摄取的转移和向作物的血液转移，4)增加了对 脱水蚊子的血粉与水合蚊子的血粉相比，5)差异表达 如果蚊子在寄主取食前脱水，则在血餐后的免疫基因，以及6)基于现场的 中微体实验表明，脱水的蚊子更容易吸血。 本研究有四个具体目标：具体目标1.脱水对基本生物学参数的影响 喂血前后。具体目标2.检查潜在的行为修改方面 蚊子在脱水压力下。具体目标3.脱水对病毒滞留和 变速箱。具体目标4.疾病传播的实地观察和数学模型 由于脱水暴露而产生的变化。通过完成这些建议实现的总体目标 研究：这些拟议的研究将是变革性的，提供了第一个综合性实验， 检查脱水发作对蚊子生理、行为和行为之间动态的影响 病原体传播。

Project summary Insects are extremely prone to dehydration, where individuals may succumb after exposure to only a few hours of dry conditions. Mosquitoes are highly susceptible to desiccation due to high water loss rates, especially when temperatures are high, relative humidity is low, and drinking water is lacking. Importantly, if dehydrated mosquitoes move to more humid areas, dehydration-induced phenotypes can last for many hours. Recent studies have examined mosquito development and other specific topic areas under dry season conditions, but no integrative studies have examined the role of dehydration bouts on mosquito behavior, physiology, and potential for disease transmission. For most insects, exposure to xeric periods prompts their retreat into favorable microhabitats until conditions improve, which could take hours or weeks. Our preliminary studies indicate that activity and blood feeding in mosquitoes increase by three- to four-fold following sub-lethal dehydration, but the potential mechanisms and impact of this phenotype are unknown. The focus of this proposal will be examining the effect that dehydration has on mosquito biology, specifically how desiccation stress alters general mosquito biology, host choice, host-pathogen interactions, and disease transmission. The primary study organism will be the northern house mosquito, Culex pipiens, a vector for West Nile virus, with comparative studies to mosquito species to Aedes aegypti. These studies are supported by 1) experimental designs that can discern the effects between only exposure to dry conditions and direct mosquito dehydration (= organismal water loss), 2) preliminary studies on CRISPR-Cas9 lines of chemosensory proteins which show altered water attraction, 3) shifts in blood feeding and diversion of blood to the crop, 4) increased retention of the bloodmeal in dehydrated mosquitoes when compared to hydrated counterparts, 5) differential expression of immune genes following a bloodmeal if mosquitoes are dehydrated before host feeding, and 6) field-based mesocosm experiments that indicate dehydrated mosquitoes are more prone to blood feeding. This study has four specific aims: Specific Aim 1. Influence of dehydration on basic biological parameters before and after blood feeding. Specific Aim 2. Examine aspects underlying behavioral modifications of mosquitoes following dehydration stress. Specific Aim 3. Impact of dehydration on viral retention and transmission. Specific Aim 4. Field-based observations and mathematical modeling of disease transmission changes due to dehydration exposure. Overall goal accomplished by the completion of these proposed studies: These proposed studies will be transformative by providing the first integrative experiments that examine the effects of dehydration bouts on the dynamics between mosquito physiology, behavior, and pathogen transmission.