Collateral Consequences of Parents Incarcerations for Their Adolescent Children: A Prospective Longitudinal Study

项目概要/摘要 超过220万人-不成比例的种族/少数民族-在美国被监禁。 监狱中一半以上的男性和近三分之二的女性有孩子。种族/族裔差异普遍存在：1 9名非洲裔美国儿童和1名西班牙裔儿童的父母在监狱中，而56名儿童中只有1名 非西班牙裔白色儿童。监禁，无论是否发生在孩子的一生中， 家庭，疏远亲人，限制就业机会，公共住房，大学入学，公共 援助和某些职业，导致贫困和居住不稳定。在儿童被监禁期间， 终身可能对孩子产生直接影响：新的照顾者，搬家，换学校，或 寄养家庭尽管解决这些卫生不平等问题的数据很重要，但没有全面的 一项研究审查了父母被监禁对其子女的影响。例如，之前的研究， 仅在全球范围内评估父母的监禁情况（例如，“是/否，”）;无法分析 监禁;合并监禁（审前和刑期<1年）和监禁（已定罪的重罪犯，>1年）， 检查附带后果。我们将利用西北青少年项目已经收集的数据， (NJP)进行第一次全面的前瞻性研究， 对青少年子女的监禁。NJP始于20世纪90年代中期，是一个大型的纵向 研究拘留后青年的心理健康需求和结果。我们的许多参与者（G1），现在 中位年龄36岁，有自己的孩子，我们自2002年以来一直与他们保持联系。我们将研究 466个有10至17岁儿童（G2）的家庭，这是问题行为的关键发展期。我们 将（1）使用来自NJP的前瞻性纵向数据（最多14次与父母和官员的临床访谈） 记录）;（2）与父母（n = 466）和其他照顾者（n = 284）进行新的访谈，以确定 监禁的附带后果和儿童的结果;（3）采访466名儿童，以确定他们的 心理社会功能和经验;（4）进行定性访谈（n = 48名儿童），以评估 他们父母被监禁的经历本研究有三个目的：（1）研究 父母的监禁与他们的孩子在4个领域的心理社会结果之间的关系：心理健康， 物质滥用，反社会（犯罪）行为和教育;（2）确定抵押品如何 监禁的后果介导了目标1中发现的关联;（3）为了预测弹性， 确定减轻父母监禁对儿童结果的影响的变量;我们将重点关注 特别是在社会环境的可塑性方面。该研究的目的是：（1）健康人 （2）国家卫生和人口研究所的战略计划， 减少健康差距;（3）NIDA和NIAAA的战略计划，以解决原因和后果 （4）NICHD的使命是让所有儿童过上健康、有所作为的生活。

PROJECT SUMMARY/ABSTRACT More than 2.2 million people—disproportionately racial/ethnic minorities—are incarcerated in the U.S. More than half of males and nearly 2/3 of females in prison have children. Racial/ethnic disparities prevail: 1 in 9 African American children and 1 in 28 Hispanic children have a parent in prison compared with 1 in 56 non-Hispanic white children. Incarceration, whether or not it occurs during the child's lifetime, may disrupt families, alienate loved ones, and limit opportunities for employment, public housing, college admission, public aid, and some occupations, leading to poverty and residential instability. Incarceration during the child's lifetime may have direct consequences for the child: a new caregiver, moving homes, changing schools, or placement in foster care. Despite the importance of data addressing these health inequities, no comprehensive study has examined the consequences of parents' incarceration on their children. Prior studies, for example, assessed parents' incarceration only globally (e.g., “yes/no,”); could not analyze the frequency and duration of incarceration; conflated jail (pretrial and sentences <1 year) and prison (convicted felons, >1 year), and did not examine collateral consequences. We will leverage data already collected in the Northwestern Juvenile Project (NJP) to conduct the first comprehensive prospective study of the collateral consequences of parents' incarcerations on their adolescent children. Begun in the mid-1990s, the NJP is a large-scale longitudinal study of mental health needs and outcomes of youth after detention. Many of our participants (G1), now median age 36, have children of their own, with whom we have maintained contact since 2002. We will study 466 families with children (G2) ages 10 to 17 years, a critical developmental period for problem behaviors. We will (1) use prospective longitudinal data from the NJP (up to 14 clinical interviews with parents and official records); (2) conduct new interviews with parents (n = 466) and an additional caregiver (n = 284) to ascertain collateral consequences of incarcerations and child outcomes; (3) interview the 466 children to ascertain their psychosocial functioning and experiences; and (4) conduct qualitative interviews (n = 48 children) to assess their experiences of their parents' incarceration. The proposed study has 3 aims: (1) To examine the relationship between parents' incarceration and their child's psychosocial outcomes in 4 areas: mental health, substance abuse, antisocial (delinquent) behaviors, and education; (2) To identify how the collateral consequences of incarceration mediate the associations found in Aim 1; and (3) To predict resilience, identifying variables that mitigate consequences of parents' incarceration on child outcomes; we will focus especially on malleable aspects of social environments. The proposed study responds to (1) Healthy People 2030, which promotes health equity and elimination of health disparities; (2) the Strategic Plan of NIMHD to reduce health disparities; (3) the Strategic Plans of NIDA and NIAAA to address the causes and consequences of drug and alcohol abuse; and, (4) NICHD's mission for all children to lead healthy, productive lives.