Collateral Consequences of Parents Incarcerations for Their Adolescent Children: A Prospective Longitudinal Study

项目摘要/摘要 超过220万人--不成比例的种族/少数民族--被关押在美国。 在监狱中，超过一半的男性和近三分之二的女性有孩子。种族/民族差距盛行：1 在9名非洲裔美国儿童和1名西班牙裔儿童中，父母一方在狱中的比例为1/56 非西班牙裔白人儿童。监禁，无论它是否发生在孩子的一生中，都可能扰乱 家庭，疏远亲人，限制就业机会，公共住房，大学入学，公共 援助和一些职业，导致贫困和居住不稳定。在儿童被监禁期间 一生可能会给孩子带来直接后果：新的照顾者、搬家、换学校或 安置在寄养家庭。尽管解决这些健康不平等的数据很重要，但没有全面的 一项研究调查了父母监禁子女的后果。例如，之前的研究表明， 仅在全球范围内评估父母被监禁的情况(例如，“是/否”)；无法分析 监禁；合并监禁(审前和判刑1年)和监禁(被定罪的重刑犯，1年)，但没有 检查附带后果。我们将利用西北青少年项目中已经收集的数据 (NJP)对父母的附带后果进行第一次全面的前瞻性研究 监禁他们青春期的孩子。NJP开始于20世纪90年代中期，是一个大规模的纵向 青少年拘禁后心理健康需求及结局研究。我们的许多参与者(G1)，现在 中位年龄36岁，有自己的孩子，我们自2002年以来一直与他们保持联系。我们会研究 466个有孩子的家庭(G2)年龄在10到17岁，这是问题行为发展的关键时期。我们 将(1)使用来自NJP的前瞻性纵向数据(多达14次与父母和官员的临床访谈 记录)；(2)与父母(n=466)和额外的照顾者(n=284)进行新的面谈，以确定 监禁的附带后果和儿童结局；(3)访谈466名儿童，以确定他们的 心理社会功能和经历；和(4)进行定性访谈(n=48名儿童)以评估 他们父母被监禁的经历。建议的研究有3个目的：(1)研究 父母监禁与子女心理社会结局在4个方面的关系：心理健康， 药物滥用、反社会(犯罪)行为和教育；(2)确定抵押品如何 监禁的后果调解了目标1中发现的联系；以及(3)预测复原力， 确定减轻父母监禁对子女结果影响的变量；我们将重点关注 尤其是在社会环境的可塑性方面。这项拟议的研究回应(1)健康人 2030年，促进健康公平和消除健康差距；(2)NIMHD战略计划 缩小健康差距；(3)NIDA和NIAAA应对原因和后果的战略计划 毒品和酒精滥用；以及，(4)NICHD的使命是让所有儿童过上健康、富有成效的生活。

PROJECT SUMMARY/ABSTRACT More than 2.2 million people—disproportionately racial/ethnic minorities—are incarcerated in the U.S. More than half of males and nearly 2/3 of females in prison have children. Racial/ethnic disparities prevail: 1 in 9 African American children and 1 in 28 Hispanic children have a parent in prison compared with 1 in 56 non-Hispanic white children. Incarceration, whether or not it occurs during the child's lifetime, may disrupt families, alienate loved ones, and limit opportunities for employment, public housing, college admission, public aid, and some occupations, leading to poverty and residential instability. Incarceration during the child's lifetime may have direct consequences for the child: a new caregiver, moving homes, changing schools, or placement in foster care. Despite the importance of data addressing these health inequities, no comprehensive study has examined the consequences of parents' incarceration on their children. Prior studies, for example, assessed parents' incarceration only globally (e.g., “yes/no,”); could not analyze the frequency and duration of incarceration; conflated jail (pretrial and sentences <1 year) and prison (convicted felons, >1 year), and did not examine collateral consequences. We will leverage data already collected in the Northwestern Juvenile Project (NJP) to conduct the first comprehensive prospective study of the collateral consequences of parents' incarcerations on their adolescent children. Begun in the mid-1990s, the NJP is a large-scale longitudinal study of mental health needs and outcomes of youth after detention. Many of our participants (G1), now median age 36, have children of their own, with whom we have maintained contact since 2002. We will study 466 families with children (G2) ages 10 to 17 years, a critical developmental period for problem behaviors. We will (1) use prospective longitudinal data from the NJP (up to 14 clinical interviews with parents and official records); (2) conduct new interviews with parents (n = 466) and an additional caregiver (n = 284) to ascertain collateral consequences of incarcerations and child outcomes; (3) interview the 466 children to ascertain their psychosocial functioning and experiences; and (4) conduct qualitative interviews (n = 48 children) to assess their experiences of their parents' incarceration. The proposed study has 3 aims: (1) To examine the relationship between parents' incarceration and their child's psychosocial outcomes in 4 areas: mental health, substance abuse, antisocial (delinquent) behaviors, and education; (2) To identify how the collateral consequences of incarceration mediate the associations found in Aim 1; and (3) To predict resilience, identifying variables that mitigate consequences of parents' incarceration on child outcomes; we will focus especially on malleable aspects of social environments. The proposed study responds to (1) Healthy People 2030, which promotes health equity and elimination of health disparities; (2) the Strategic Plan of NIMHD to reduce health disparities; (3) the Strategic Plans of NIDA and NIAAA to address the causes and consequences of drug and alcohol abuse; and, (4) NICHD's mission for all children to lead healthy, productive lives.