The Friend to Friend Program: Effectiveness when Conducted by School Staff

摘要 这项拟议的研究是对以学校为基础的攻击预防方案方面的两个空白和 研究。首先，很少有对文化敏感的关系型攻击预防计划 记录了城市少数民族高危女孩及其同学的成功，尽管有明确的证据表明 这些行为对女孩的社交和情绪健康以及更广泛的课堂环境产生了负面影响。 第二，在进行这类方案拟订时，往往由外部资助的促进者在下列情况下牵头 一笔研究补助金，它没有为学校工作人员提供运行该项目的技能，而且使其变得过于苛刻 在研究资金结束后，学校很难持续编程努力。这是特别的 令人担忧的是，在城市学校，攻击性学生经常被转介给通常不会这样做的辅导员 具备培训和/或资源，以便采取主动或系统的应对措施。为了解决这些差距， 这项提议以朋友之友计划为基础，该计划最初是通过迭代设计的 基于伙伴关系的研究过程对城市3-5年级关系好斗的少数民族女孩来说是独一无二的 学校。朋友对朋友的临床试验证明对减少关系攻击和 改善关系攻击型女孩的问题解决和领导力，并在一年后保持效果， 并对同学们的攻击性和师生关系产生更广泛的积极影响 有攻击性的女孩。在试验中，朋友对朋友是由研究人员进行的，没有学校继续进行 研究结束时的程序。因此，我们进行了初步研究，将Friend翻译成 从研究人员主导的朋友到学校主导的研究团队的指导，以解决迫切的需求 建设学校以有效和可持续的方式独立运营项目的能力。因此， 这项建议的主要目标是第一次检查朋友对朋友和教练的有效性， 由教师和辅导员在研究团队的积极指导下进行。通过集群 随机对照试验包括40所城市学校，20所学校将被随机分配到F2F 教练干预和20所对照学校将遵循学校的标准做法，将攻击性较强的青少年介绍给 给辅导员。我们将检查对学生和学校工作人员的自我效能感的指示和普遍影响。 对关系侵略者进行干预。此外，探索性目标将在理论上取得进展。 与理解项目成功的调解人和主持人有关。此外，我们还将探索 在第二年提供最少辅导的情况下，朋友对朋友的辅导的有效性 作为学校工作人员采用计划的促进者和障碍。总而言之，这项研究将证明 以学校为主导的朋友与教练之间的关系的有效性及其对提高 关系好斗的女孩和她们的同学的社交和情绪健康，这项研究也将告知 可持续方案采用和大规模传播的考虑因素。

ABSTRACT The proposed study is in direct response to two gaps in school-based aggression prevention programming and research. First, there are very few culturally-sensitive relational aggression prevention programs with documented success among high-risk urban minority girls and their classmates despite clear evidence that these behaviors negatively impact girls' social and emotional health and the broader classroom environment. Second, when such programming is conducted, it is often led by externally funded facilitators in the context of a research grant, which does not equip school staff with skills to run the program and makes it exceedingly difficult for schools to sustain programming efforts after research funding has ended. This is particularly concerning in urban schools where aggressive students are often referred to counselors who typically do not have the training and/or resources available for a proactive or systematic response. To address these gaps, this proposal is grounded in the Friend to Friend Program, which was initially designed through an iterative partnership-based research process uniquely for 3rd-5th grade minority relationally aggressive girls in urban schools. Friend to Friend was proven effective through a clinical trial for decreasing relational aggression and improving problem-solving and leadership of relationally aggressive girls with effects maintained one year later, and for producing broader positive effects on aggression and student-teacher relationships for the classmates of the aggressive girls. In the trial, Friend to Friend was conducted by research staff, and no schools continued the program when the study ended. Therefore, preliminary studies were conducted to translate Friend to Friend from researcher-led to school-led with coaching from the research team to address the imperative need to build the capacity of schools to run programs on their own in an effective and sustainable way. As such, the primary goal of this proposal is to examine for the first time the effectiveness of Friend to Friend with Coaching, as conducted by teachers and counselors with active coaching from the research team. Through a cluster randomized control trial including 40 urban schools, 20 schools will be randomly assigned to the F2F with Coaching intervention and 20 control schools will follow standard school practice of referring aggressive youth to the counselor. We will examine indicated and universal effects for students and self-efficacy of school staff for intervening with relational aggressors. In addition, theoretical advances will be made by exploratory goals related to understanding mediators and moderators of program success. Further, we will also explore the effectiveness of Friend to Friend with Coaching the following year when minimal coaching is provided, as well as the facilitators and barriers of program adoption by school staff. Collectively, this study will demonstrate the effectiveness of school-led Friend to Friend with Coaching and the ways in which it works for improving the social and emotional health of relationally aggressive girls and their classmates, and the study will also inform considerations for sustainable program adoption and large scale dissemination.