Diet and Cognition within a Reserve framework

项目摘要/摘要 许多认知能力与年龄相关的下降是有充分证据的，而且与 阿尔茨海默病(AD)的后续发展。然而，在认知上有很大的差异。 不同个体对这些年龄相关变化的敏感度。这可能有助于发现潜在的 通过阐明这种差异背后的机制，采取预防措施。认知研究的最新进展 神经科学表明，在老年人中，认知的差异可能是由于现在的差异。 大脑储备[大脑储备峰值(BR峰值；年轻时神经生物学资本峰值)的综合结果] 和脑维持(BM；对衰老相关的形态脑衰退的维持能力 随着时间的推移病理性积累)]和认知储备(CR；认知功能超过 从一定程度的大脑老化或病理中可以预期到什么)。坚持地中海式的风格 在文献中，饮食(MEDI)是预防AD和认知衰退的最重要的可修改保护因素之一。 然而，三个保留概念(BR、BM和CR)中的哪一个在MEDI的认知益处中起作用 不清楚。洞察储备概念在饮食和AD或认知的背景下的作用将 协助确定公共卫生工作的优先顺序，并为认知饮食建议奠定坚实的基础 复原力和AD预防。我们的目标是研究BR、BM和CR在认知益处中的各自作用 使用来自独特研究人群的数据，该研究人群包括562名认知健康的参与者 年龄在20-80岁之间，通过多模式脑成像测量、神经心理学电池和 关于许多人口统计和生活方式因素的问卷调查。该队列的五年后续行动正在进行中。因此， 我们处于有利地位，在所有年龄段中探索MEDI和现代BR之间的联系，特别是 兴趣将是年轻人目前的BR代表峰值BR。对于BM，我们之前已经 利用横断面数据制定了相关的BM衡量标准。更重要的是，纵向数据将允许 美国直接测量BM。最后，我们在CR量化方面拥有丰富的经验。具体来说，我们将：1) 检查像Medi这样的健康饮食是否与较大的BR有关。我们将研究是否更接近 在所有年龄组中，坚持使用MEDI与较大的BR有关，在年轻人中也是如此 近似MEDI与BR峰的关联。2)检查MEDI是否与BM相关。我们会 使用横截面数据检验MEDI是否与相对的BM代理正相关，并与 直接测量BM(使用大脑的纵向变化测量)。3)检查MEDI是否关联 使用CR。使用横断面数据，我们将检验MEDI是否与 CR，或与先前发现的CR-脑网络的表达有关。使用纵向数据，我们将检查 MEDI是否调节了大脑和认知变化之间的关系。

Project Summary/Abstract Age-related declines on many cognitive abilities are well documented and are highly associated with subsequent development of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Nevertheless, there is great variability in cognitive abilities across individuals in susceptibility to these age-related changes. It may help to identify potential preventive measures by elucidating the mechanisms underlying this variability. Recent advances in cognitive neuroscience suggests that, among the elderly, variation in cognition might be due to the differences in present brain reserve [a combined result from peak brain reserve (peak BR; peak neurobiological capital at young age) and the brain maintenance (BM; ability of maintain against aging-related morphologic brain decline or pathological accumulation over time)] and cognitive reserve (CR; the extent of cognitive function exceeding what can be expected from a certain level of brain aging or pathology). Adherence to the Mediterranean-type diet (MeDi) is one of the top modifiable protective factors against AD and cognitive decline in the literature. However, which of the three reserve concepts (BR, BM, and CR) play a role in the cognitive benefits of MeDi is unclear. Obtaining insight into the role of the reserve concepts in the context of diet and AD or cognition will assist to prioritize public health efforts and provide a firm foundation for dietary recommendations on cognitive resilience and AD prevention. We aim to examine the respective roles of BR, BM and CR in cognitive benefits of MeDi, using data from a unique research population which includes 562 cognitively healthy participants aged 20-80, evaluated with multimodal brain imaging measures, a neuropsychological battery, and questionnaires on many demographic and lifestyle factors. Five-year follow-up of the cohort is ongoing. Thus, we are well positioned to explore the association between MeDi and present BR in all age groups, of particular interest will be the present BR of young adults representing the peak BR. For BM, we have previously developed relative BM measures using cross-sectional data. More importantly, the longitudinal data will allow us to directly measure BM. Finally, we have extensive experience in CR quantification. Specifically, we will: 1) Examine whether healthy diet such as MeDi is associated with larger BR. We will examine whether closer adherence to MeDi is associated with larger BR in all age groups, with the association in the young adults approximating the association of MeDi with Peak BR. 2) Examine whether MeDi is associated with BM. We will examine whether MeDi is positively associated with a relative BM proxy using cross-sectional data, and with a direct measure of BM (using longitudinal change of brain measures). 3) Examine whether MeDi is associated with CR. Using cross-sectional data, we will examine whether MeDi is associated with a “residual” estimate of CR, or with the expression of previously identified CR-brain networks. Using longitudinal data, we will examine whether MeDi moderates the relationship between brain and cognitive change.