Sensory Reinstatement in Human Neocortex

情节记忆包括有意识地回忆过去的事件，通常是以令人印象深刻的知觉程度 细节。在没有必要的感觉输入的情况下，大脑如何能够重建先前的感知状态？一个很长的- 其观点是，有意识地记住刺激需要重新激活与 对这种刺激的感知。这种大脑皮层“感觉恢复”的过程被认为是依赖于 在海马体上，这是一个对情节记忆至关重要的区域。因此，出现了压倒性的 侧重于研究海马体内的恢复活动。然而，如果感觉恢复 在新皮质是情节记忆提取的关键部分，它必须被经验地证明是一种空间和 在时间上精确地重述感觉过程，并对记忆行为做出因果贡献。至 迄今为止，人类大脑皮层感觉恢复的最好证据来自神经成像研究。 报告感知和提取刺激的大脑反应的空间重叠或相似性。虽然消息灵通， 这样的数据：i)没有一致地显示预期感觉皮质的重叠；ii)无法测量 时间反应特征的恢复；iii)本质上是相关的。要解决这些限制，并 提供有关人类大脑皮层感觉恢复的关键数据，我们将使用颅内记录和 刺激以研究视觉的精确解剖(目标1)、时间(目标2)和因果(目标3)特性 复职。人体皮质脑电图仪(ECoG)提供了所需的空间和时间精度 用非侵入性方法捕获和扰动不可检测的时空尺度上的神经群活动 方法：研究方法。在目标1中，我们将使用高密度皮层脑电记录来量化恢复的空间精度 高阶视觉皮层的动力学，并量化刺激选择性与刺激的关系 复职。在目标2中，我们将通过归纳和检验恢复动力学的时间精度 操纵初级视皮层的振荡活动，以测试它们在 取回。在目标3中，我们将使用有针对性的脑电刺激来测试感觉的因果作用 在新大脑皮层恢复。综上所述，该提案的目标将把所需的经验关注引向 新皮质恢复的神经特性及其在人类情景记忆提取中的作用。 这些进展将有助于阐明在以下情况下，类似恢复的过程是如何加剧的 像创伤后应激障碍和精神分裂症这样生动的精神内容的侵入。

Episodic memory involves consciously remembering past events often with an impressive degree of perceptual detail. How is the brain able to recreate prior perceptual states without the necessary sensory inputs? A long- held view is that consciously remembering a stimulus requires reactivation of activity patterns associated with the perception of that stimulus. This process of neocortical `sensory reinstatement' is thought to be dependent on the hippocampus, a region critical for episodic memory. Consequently, there has been an overwhelming empirical focus on studying reinstatement activities within the hippocampus. However, if sensory reinstatement in neocortex is a critical part of episodic memory retrieval, it must be empirically shown to be a spatially and temporally precise recapitulation of sensory processing, and to causally contribute to memory behavior. To date, the best evidence of sensory reinstatement in human neocortex has come from neuroimaging studies reporting spatial overlap or similarity of brain responses for perceiving and retrieving stimuli. While informative, such data: i) do not consistently show overlap in expected sensory cortices; ii) cannot measure the reinstatement of temporal response features; iii) are correlational in nature. To address these limitations and provide critical data on sensory reinstatement in human neocortex we will use intracranial recording and stimulation to study the precise anatomical (Aim 1), temporal (Aim 2) and causal (Aim 3) properties of visual reinstatement. Human electrocorticography (ECoG) provides the needed spatial and temporal precision for capturing and perturbing neural population activity at spatio-temporal scales undetectable with non-invasive methods. In Aim 1, we will use high-density ECoG recordings to quantify the spatial precision of reinstatement dynamics in higher order visual cortices, and quantify how stimulus selectivity relates to stimulus reinstatement. In Aim 2, we will test the temporal precision of reinstatement dynamics by inducing and manipulating oscillatory activities in primary visual cortex to test the fidelity of their reinstatement during retrieval. In Aim 3, we will use targeted electrical brain stimulation to test the causal role of sensory reinstatement in neocortex. Together, the Aims of this proposal will direct needed empirical attention towards the neural properties of neocortical reinstatement and causally test its role in human episodic memory retrieval. These advances will help elucidate how reinstatement like processes are exacerbated for conditions involving the intrusion of vivid mental content like post-traumatic stress disorder and schizophrenia.