Sensory Reinstatement in Human Neocortex

情景记忆涉及有意识地记住过去的事件，通常具有令人印象深刻的感知程度。 详细大脑如何能够在没有必要的感官输入的情况下重建先前的感知状态？很长的- 有意识地记住一个刺激需要重新激活与之相关的活动模式， 对刺激的感知这种新皮层“感觉恢复”的过程被认为是依赖于 在海马体上，这是一个对情景记忆至关重要的区域。因此，有一个压倒性的 实验重点是研究海马内的恢复活动。但是，如果感官恢复 是情景记忆提取的一个关键部分，它必须被经验证明是一个空间和 时间上精确的感觉处理的再现，并因果地有助于记忆行为。到 迄今为止，人类新皮层感觉恢复的最佳证据来自神经影像学研究 报告用于感知和检索刺激的大脑反应的空间重叠或相似性。虽然信息量很大， 这样的数据：i）不一致地显示预期感觉皮层的重叠; ii）不能测量 时间响应特征的恢复; iii）本质上是相关的。为了克服这些局限性， 提供人类新皮层感觉恢复的关键数据，我们将使用颅内记录， 刺激研究视觉的精确解剖（目标1），时间（目标2）和因果（目标3）属性 复职人类皮层电图（ECoG）提供了所需的空间和时间精度， 在非侵入性检测不到的时空尺度上捕获和扰动神经群体活动， 方法.在目标1中，我们将使用高密度ECoG记录来量化恢复的空间精度 动态的高阶视觉皮层，并量化如何刺激选择性与刺激 复职在目标2中，我们将通过归纳和 操纵初级视觉皮层的振荡活动，以测试其恢复的保真度， 检索在目标3中，我们将使用有针对性的脑电刺激来测试感觉的因果作用。 在新皮层中恢复。总之，本建议的目的将把所需的经验注意力引向 新皮层的神经特性的恢复和因果关系测试其在人类情景记忆提取的作用。 这些进展将有助于阐明如何恢复一样的过程是加剧的条件， 创伤后应激障碍和精神分裂症等生动的精神内容的侵入。

Episodic memory involves consciously remembering past events often with an impressive degree of perceptual detail. How is the brain able to recreate prior perceptual states without the necessary sensory inputs? A long- held view is that consciously remembering a stimulus requires reactivation of activity patterns associated with the perception of that stimulus. This process of neocortical `sensory reinstatement' is thought to be dependent on the hippocampus, a region critical for episodic memory. Consequently, there has been an overwhelming empirical focus on studying reinstatement activities within the hippocampus. However, if sensory reinstatement in neocortex is a critical part of episodic memory retrieval, it must be empirically shown to be a spatially and temporally precise recapitulation of sensory processing, and to causally contribute to memory behavior. To date, the best evidence of sensory reinstatement in human neocortex has come from neuroimaging studies reporting spatial overlap or similarity of brain responses for perceiving and retrieving stimuli. While informative, such data: i) do not consistently show overlap in expected sensory cortices; ii) cannot measure the reinstatement of temporal response features; iii) are correlational in nature. To address these limitations and provide critical data on sensory reinstatement in human neocortex we will use intracranial recording and stimulation to study the precise anatomical (Aim 1), temporal (Aim 2) and causal (Aim 3) properties of visual reinstatement. Human electrocorticography (ECoG) provides the needed spatial and temporal precision for capturing and perturbing neural population activity at spatio-temporal scales undetectable with non-invasive methods. In Aim 1, we will use high-density ECoG recordings to quantify the spatial precision of reinstatement dynamics in higher order visual cortices, and quantify how stimulus selectivity relates to stimulus reinstatement. In Aim 2, we will test the temporal precision of reinstatement dynamics by inducing and manipulating oscillatory activities in primary visual cortex to test the fidelity of their reinstatement during retrieval. In Aim 3, we will use targeted electrical brain stimulation to test the causal role of sensory reinstatement in neocortex. Together, the Aims of this proposal will direct needed empirical attention towards the neural properties of neocortical reinstatement and causally test its role in human episodic memory retrieval. These advances will help elucidate how reinstatement like processes are exacerbated for conditions involving the intrusion of vivid mental content like post-traumatic stress disorder and schizophrenia.