PREDISPOSITIONS AND ATTITUDE CONSTRUCTION PROCESSES

之前资助的研究已经调查了内省的影响 (具体地说，分析一个人态度的原因)关于态度 改变、决定、自我预测和态度-行为的一致性。 在理解为什么分析原因方面已经取得了相当大的进展 导致态度改变，以及为什么这种改变会产生负面后果 对人们来说。本研究的目标有三个方面： (L)继续调查人们对态度的反思， 进一步了解分析原因是如何导致态度改变的。这条路 其中，初始评估的力度缓和了 分析原因尤其令人感兴趣。 (2)大大扩大研究范围，将其置于 最近关于一个基本问题的辩论：态度在多大程度上是一种 存储在内存中的求值的功能，与基于 当前可以访问的信息？给出了一个模型，说明了 先前评估与当前施工相比，在哪些情况下 确定态度，它包含三个主要的主持人变量： 初始态度的力量；可获得性和可获得性 关于态度客体的其他信息；以及人们的认知 处理这些信息的能力和动力。有几项研究是 建议探索此模型对以下方面的影响 分析行为和其他态度建构过程中的原因。 (3)测试模型产生的新预测，具体地说 关于推翻先前评价的条件 而不是改变。我们预测，当适度无障碍的人 最初的态度构建了新的态度(例如，在分析 原因)，新形成的态度“凌驾于”倾向之上， 使得人们具有态度对象的双重表示：a 在自发的测量上自动表达的倾向 态度和另一种构建的态度，在 更慎重、更有节制的措施。几项拟议的研究 将调查这种双重态度的原因和后果。这 研究将大大超越我们之前对 分析原因，因为预测适用于以下任何情况 促使态度平易近人的人构建新的 态度，包括社会背景的变化，具有说服力 沟通和自我感知过程。这些基本问题有 对一些应用领域的影响，在这些领域很难 改变人们的行为，因为他们最初的不妥协 态度(例如，让人们进行更安全的性行为或减少行为 偏见的方式)。这项研究还将具有重要的方法论 对应用研究的影响，通过表明试图改变 态度可能会在深思熟虑但不是自发的措施上取得成功 态度。

Previously-funded research has investigated the effects of introspection (specifically, analyzing the reasons for one's attitudes) on attitude change, decisions, self-predictions, and attitude-behavior consistency. Considerable progress has been made in understanding why analyzing reasons causes attitude change, and why this change can have negative consequences for people. The goals of the present research are threefold: (l) To continue investigating introspections about attitudes, to understand further how analyzing reasons causes attitude change. The way in which the strength of an initial evaluation moderates the effects of analyzing reasons is of particular interest. (2) To broaden the research considerably, placing it in the context of a recent debate over a fundamental question: To what extent are attitudes a function of evaluations stored in memory, versus constructions based on information that is currently accessible? A model is presented specifying the conditions under which prior evaluations versus current constructions determine attitudes, which incorporates three main moderator variables: The strength of an initial attitude; the availability and accessibility of other information about the attitude object; and people's cognitive capacity and motivation to process this information. Several studies are proposed that explore the implications of this model for the effects of analyzing reasons on behavior and other attitude construction processes. (3) To test novel predictions generated by the model, specifically concerning the conditions under which prior evaluations are overridden versus changed. We predict that when people with moderately-accessible initial attitudes construct a new attitude (e.g., after analyzing reasons), the newly-constructed attitude "overrides" the predisposition, such that people have a dual representation of the attitude object: A predisposition that is expressed automatically on spontaneous measures of attitudes, and an alternative, constructed attitude that is expressed on more deliberative, controlled measures. Several of the proposed studies will investigate the causes and consequences of such dual attitudes. This research will move considerably beyond our prior work on the effects of analyzing reasons, in that the predictions apply to any situation that causes people with moderately-accessible attitudes to construct new attitudes, including changes in the social context, persuasive communications, and self-perception processes. These basic issues have implications for a number of applied areas in which it is difficult to change people's behavior due to the intransigence of their initial attitudes (e.g., getting people to engage in safer sex or to act in less prejudiced ways). The research will also have significant methodological implications for applied research, by showing that attempts to change attitudes may succeed on deliberative but not spontaneous measures of attitudes.