PREDISPOSITIONS AND ATTITUDE CONSTRUCTION PROCESSES

倾向和态度构建过程

• 批准号: 2245289
• 负责人: TIMOTHY DeCamp WILSON
• 金额: $ 11.31万
• 依托单位: UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 1989
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 1989-09-30 至 1998-06-30
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/2245289
• 关键词: attitude; behavior prediction; belief; bias; cognition; decision making; emotions; human subject; judgment; memory; motivation; neural information processing; perceptual maskings; persuasion; psychological models; stimulus /response; thinking; visual stimulus

Previously-funded research has investigated the effects of introspection (specifically, analyzing the reasons for one's attitudes) on attitude change, decisions, self-predictions, and attitude-behavior consistency. Considerable progress has been made in understanding why analyzing reasons causes attitude change, and why this change can have negative consequences for people. The goals of the present research are threefold: (l) To continue investigating introspections about attitudes, to understand further how analyzing reasons causes attitude change. The way in which the strength of an initial evaluation moderates the effects of analyzing reasons is of particular interest. (2) To broaden the research considerably, placing it in the context of a recent debate over a fundamental question: To what extent are attitudes a function of evaluations stored in memory, versus constructions based on information that is currently accessible? A model is presented specifying the conditions under which prior evaluations versus current constructions determine attitudes, which incorporates three main moderator variables: The strength of an initial attitude; the availability and accessibility of other information about the attitude object; and people's cognitive capacity and motivation to process this information. Several studies are proposed that explore the implications of this model for the effects of analyzing reasons on behavior and other attitude construction processes. (3) To test novel predictions generated by the model, specifically concerning the conditions under which prior evaluations are overridden versus changed. We predict that when people with moderately-accessible initial attitudes construct a new attitude (e.g., after analyzing reasons), the newly-constructed attitude "overrides" the predisposition, such that people have a dual representation of the attitude object: A predisposition that is expressed automatically on spontaneous measures of attitudes, and an alternative, constructed attitude that is expressed on more deliberative, controlled measures. Several of the proposed studies will investigate the causes and consequences of such dual attitudes. This research will move considerably beyond our prior work on the effects of analyzing reasons, in that the predictions apply to any situation that causes people with moderately-accessible attitudes to construct new attitudes, including changes in the social context, persuasive communications, and self-perception processes. These basic issues have implications for a number of applied areas in which it is difficult to change people's behavior due to the intransigence of their initial attitudes (e.g., getting people to engage in safer sex or to act in less prejudiced ways). The research will also have significant methodological implications for applied research, by showing that attempts to change attitudes may succeed on deliberative but not spontaneous measures of attitudes.

以前资助的研究调查了内省的影响 （具体地说，分析一个人态度的原因）关于态度 变化、决策、自我预测和态度-行为一致性。 在理解为什么分析原因方面已经取得了相当大的进展 导致态度改变，以及为什么这种改变会产生负面影响 为人们本研究的目标有三个方面： (l)为了继续调查关于态度的内省， 进一步了解分析原因如何导致态度改变。的方式 在这种情况下，初始评价的强度会缓和 分析原因特别有意义。 (2)为了大大扩大研究范围，将其置于一个 最近关于一个基本问题的辩论：在多大程度上态度是一个 存储在内存中的评估函数，与基于 目前可获得的信息？提出了一个模型， 在何种条件下，先前的评估与当前的建设 确定态度，其中包括三个主要的调节变量： 初始态度的力量; 关于态度对象的其他信息;以及人们的认知 处理这些信息的能力和动机。的几项研究 建议探讨这一模型对以下影响的影响： 分析行为和其他态度建构过程的原因。 (3)为了测试模型产生的新预测， 关于推翻先前评价的条件 对比改变。我们预测，当人们有适度的可访问性时， 初始态度构造新的态度（例如，在分析 原因），新构建的态度“压倒”的倾向， 使得人们具有态度对象的双重表示： 倾向是自动表达的自发措施， 态度，以及一种替代的、建构的态度， 更谨慎的控制措施几项拟议的研究 将调查这种双重态度的原因和后果。这 研究将大大超出我们以前的工作， 分析原因，因为预测适用于任何情况， 导致态度温和的人构建新的 态度，包括社会背景的变化， 沟通和自我认知过程。这些基本问题 对一些应用领域的影响，在这些领域中， 改变人们的行为，因为他们最初的不妥协， 态度（例如，让人们进行更安全的性行为， 有偏见的方式）。该研究还将具有重要的方法论意义。 对应用研究的影响，通过显示试图改变 态度可能会成功的审议，但不是自发的措施， 态度。