SELF-REFLECTION: ITS EFFECTS, BENEFITS AND DRAWBACKS

长期目标是隔离和解释下列情况 进行自我反省是有益的，而不是有害的。 拟议的研究将继续调查后果和 自我反省的价值，特别是对我们为什么会觉得 我们处理姿态物体的方式。之前资助的研究已经 证明了这种类型的自我反省可以改变态度， 态度-行为一致性较低，对选择的满意度较低， 在理解时间和原因方面已经取得了相当大的进展 这些影响就会发生。本研究将把这项研究扩展到 三个领域；(A)继续调查调解 负责这些影响的过程和边界条件 限制他们。例如，假设解释一种态度会 当人们没有完全意识到他们为什么会感到 他们这样做的方式将被测试；(B)调查自我反思的研究 个人决策领域，记录决策的时间和原因 有时最好避免在做出决定之前对备选方案进行过多的分析 一个决定；和(C)研究调查自我反省作为一种手段“ “解冻”态度；也就是说，使他们更容易受到持久的影响 变化，包括对一个人的偏见等僵化的态度 外向组。19项研究被提出，使用实验和 调查设计，实验室和现场都是如此。建议数 研究与态度方面的文献直接相关， 态度、态度与行为的一致性、反思性思维、决定 制造，说服，刻板印象，以及情感和情感之间的接口 认知力。它还具有重要的方法论意义 使用“为什么”问题作为依赖项的调查和实验设计 措施，通过证明这些措施可以是被动的、不断变化的 随后的回复。最后，本文的研究具有重要的应用价值。 对个人决策和还原领域的影响 偏见，并间接地影响到自我反省是 常见的，如心理治疗。

The long-term objectives are to isolate and explain the conditions under which it is beneficial versus detrimental to engage in self-reflection. The proposed research will continue to investigate the consequences and value of self-reflection, particularly reflections about why we feel the way we do about an attitude object. Previously-funded research has demonstrated that this type of self-reflection can change attitudes, lower attitude-behavior consistency, and lower satisfaction with choices, and considerable progress has been made in understanding when and why these effects occur. The present studies will extend this research in three areas; (a) A continuation of studies investigating the mediating processes responsible for these effects and the boundary conditions that limit them. For example, the hypothesis that explaining an attitude will be most disruptive when people are not fully aware of why they feel the way they do will be tested; (b) studies investigating self-reflection in the realm of personal decision making, documenting when and why it is sometimes best to avoid analyzing the alternatives too much before making a decision; and (c) studies investigating self-reflection as a means of " unfreezing" attitudes; That is, making them more susceptible to lasting change, including such rigid attitudes as prejudiced feelings toward an outgroup. Nineteen studies are proposed using both experimental and survey designs, in both the laboratory and the field. The proposed research is of direct relevance to the literatures on attitudes, attitudes, attitude-behavior consistency, ruminative thought, decision making, persuasion, stereotyping, and the interface between affect and cognition. It also has important methodological implications to both survey and experimental designs that use "why" questions as dependent measures, by demonstrating that such measures can be reactive, changing subsequent responses. Finally, the research has some important applied implications to the areas of personal decision making and reducing prejudice, and, indirectly, to other areas where self-reflection is common, such as psychotherapy.