CONSTRUCTIVE ANGER, SHAME AND EMPATHY: A LIFESPAN STUDY

我们的项目解决的关键问题是：为谁服务，在什么情况下 愤怒可能会导致建设性的情况，而不是 适应不良的行为和后果？五项研究，借鉴不同的 方法，进一步探讨同理心、羞耻感和内疚的程度 从童年中期到现在缓和愤怒的社会后果 成人期。研究1和研究2旨在阐明以下决定因素 建设性的愤怒管理策略与破坏性的愤怒管理策略 两性关系。对94名青少年及其家长的深度访谈 (研究1)和175对年轻夫妇(研究2)关于具体的真实- 生活中分享的愤怒片段即将结束。全面 计划进行定性和定量分析，以澄清以下因素 促进建设性的解决家庭和共同愤怒的方法，以及 导致国内冲突破坏性后果的因素。一秒钟 家庭研究的重点是儿童如何发展适应能力，而不是 到不适应的处理愤怒的方式。研究3和研究4借鉴了 完全不同的方法来进一步检查 羞耻感会干扰适应性人际行为， 建设性的冲突解决方案。研究3将评估以下方面的影响 在实验中对隐藏的敌意(恶意八卦)感到羞耻 抽样调查了260名大学生。研究4将检查以下方面的影响 实验中对冲突解决过程的羞耻感在100 成对的大学生。冲突解决战略，以及 将考虑谈判的实际结果。最后，在研究5(A) 纵向、代际研究)，儿童最初在 5年级和7/8年级，将在他们的 18岁生日。利用自我报告、家长报告和存档 记录，我们将检查家庭因素(例如， 父母教养行为、家庭环境、父母情感 特征)与儿童自身的道德情感特征 (同理心、羞耻感、负罪感)在童年中期预示着建设性与 破坏性的愤怒管理策略，以及更普遍的社交 以及青春期后期的行为调整。此外，我们还将评估 青春期初期到后期愤怒管理方式的稳定性， 总体而言，同时也确定了影响青少年 当他们接近成年时，对愤怒的反应。

The key question addressed by our project is: For whom and under what conditions is anger likely to result in constructive as opposed to maladaptive behaviors and consequences? Five studies, drawing on diverse methods, further explore the degree to which empathy, shame, and guilt moderate the social consequences of anger from middle childhood through adulthood. Studies 1 and 2 are designed to clarify the determinants of constructive vs. destructive anger management strategies in close relationships. In-depth interviews with 94 adolescents and their parents (Study 1), and 175 young adult couples (Study 2) concerning specific real- life shared episodes of anger are nearly complete. Comprehensive qualitative and quantitative analyses are planned to clarify factors which foster constructive resolutions to familial and conjoint anger, as well as factors which lead to destructive outcomes of domestic conflict. A second focus of the family study is on how children develop adaptive as opposed to maladaptive means of handling anger. Studies 3 and 4 draw on an entirely different methodology to further examine the degree to which feelings of shame interfere with adaptive interpersonal behavior and constructive conflict resolution. Study 3 will assess the effects of experimentally induced shame on covert hostility (malicious gossip) in a sample of 260 college students. Study 4 will examine the effects of experimentally induced shame on the conflict resolution process in 100 pairs of college students. Conflict resolution strategies, as well as the actual outcomes of negotiations will be considered. Finally, in Study 5 (a longitudinal, intergenerational study), children initially studied in the 5th-grade and in the 7th/8th grade, will be interviewed following their 18th birthday. Drawing on self-reports, parent reports, and archival records, we will examine the degree to which family factors (e.g., parenting behaviors, family environment, parents' affective characteristics) and children's own moral affective characteristics (empathy, shame, guilt) in middle childhood predict constructive vs. destructive anger management strategies, as well as more general social and behavioral adjustment in late adolescence. In addition, we will assess the stability of anger management styles from early to late adolescence, in general, while also identifying factors which modify adolescents' responses to anger as they near adulthood.