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The Cult of the Holy Name of Jesus in Late Medieval and Reformation England

英国中世纪晚期和宗教改革时期对耶稣圣名的崇拜

基本信息

批准号：
AH/I022015/1
负责人：
Rob Lutton
金额：
$ 7.45万
依托单位：
University of Nottingham
依托单位国家：
英国
项目类别：
Fellowship
财政年份：
2012
资助国家：
英国
起止时间：
2012 至无数据
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=AH%2FI022015%2F1
关键词：
Cult Holy Name Jesus Late

项目摘要

Until relatively recently, religion played a much more important part in everyday life in Western society than it does today. This was especially the case in the Middle Ages when Christianity and the Church shaped both society and culture, and people of all social backgrounds shared at least some beliefs in common and took part in regular religious ceremonies and festivals. This research explores the reasons and consequences of the growth in religious behaviour in England during the period 1350 to 1560 by focusing on devotion to the holy name of Jesus.The name 'Jesus' meant 'saviour' and was invoked for healing, protection and salvation. Throughout the early centuries of the Church Christian writers extolled its benefits, promoting affection and personal attachment to the name of Jesus through prayer, worship and meditation. By the thirteenth century these writings had gained sufficient momentum for reverence of the name of Jesus to be promoted by the papacy and for it to be celebrated in formal religious rituals including special Masses of the name of Jesus. Personal devotion to the name of Jesus was promoted among the general populace by preaching and by the fourteenth century what can be described as distinctive cults of the holy name had developed in different parts of Western Europe with large, socially diverse followings. These involved membership of fraternities dedicated to the holy name and the support of rituals in its honour, as well as more private forms of devotion such as personal prayer and meditation. This research focuses on how and why devotion to the name of Jesus developed a popular following in England from the late fourteenth century by applying approaches adopted from cognitive psychology that have hitherto largely been used by social anthropologists.It does this by investigating in detail how personal and corporate devotion to the name of Jesus spread across four different geographic regions, namely Kent, Norfolk, Nottinghamshire and Yorkshire and by identifying the sorts of mental and communicative processes that were involved in its dissemination and how these might help to explain its growth. It looks for evidence of personal and household devotion to the holy name and more corporate affiliation in the form of fraternities and religious rituals in parish churches and cathedrals, and aims to identify what sorts of people promoted these practices and the kinds of individuals and social groups that adopted them. These included the clergy, whether bishops, parish priests, monks, nuns and friars, as well as ordinary people who did not belong to any religious order.It uses a range of evidence including religious books containing services, prayers, hymns and theological tracts on the holy name, last wills that record support for devotion to the name of Jesus by individuals close to death, in the form of bequests for the celebration of Masses of the name of Jesus for example, and churchwardens' accounts that mention things like altars that were dedicated to the name of Jesus or the activities of Jesus fraternities.The research is important because, by exploring the particular appeal of the name of Jesus in this historical period, it sheds light on the nature of religious belief and practice in the past and why certain religious ideas and practices gain popular followings. This has obvious contemporary relevance in a world where, despite Western secularization, religion continues to play a major role in society, culture and politics. The research is also important because of its potential to tells us about the ways religion was changing prior to the Reformation. This, in turn provides insights into the ways in which Roman Catholicism and ostensibly new Protestant forms of Christianity in the sixteenth century drew on ideas and traditions established in the later Middle Ages and how that medieval heritage went on to shape Western culture into the modern period.

直到最近，宗教在西方社会的日常生活中扮演着比今天重要得多的角色。在中世纪尤其如此，当时基督教和教会塑造了社会和文化，各种社会背景的人至少有一些共同的信仰，并参加定期的宗教仪式和节日。本研究通过关注对耶稣圣名的虔诚，探讨了1350年至1560年期间英格兰宗教行为增长的原因和后果。“耶稣”这个名字的意思是“救世主”，被用来医治、保护和拯救。在教会早期的几个世纪里，基督教作家都颂扬它的好处，通过祈祷、崇拜和冥想来促进对耶稣之名的感情和个人依恋。到13世纪，这些著作已经获得了足够的动力，教皇开始推崇耶稣的名字，并在正式的宗教仪式中庆祝耶稣的名字，包括特别的弥撒。个人对耶稣之名的忠诚通过布道在普通民众中得到推广，到14世纪，在西欧的不同地区发展了一种可以被称为独特的圣名崇拜，拥有庞大的，社会多样化的追随者。这些包括兄弟会成员致力于圣名和支持仪式的荣誉，以及更多的私人形式的奉献，如个人祈祷和冥想。这项研究的重点是如何以及为什么从14世纪晚期开始，通过应用认知心理学的方法，对耶稣之名的忠诚在英国发展成为一群受欢迎的追随者，这些方法迄今为止主要被社会人类学家使用。它通过详细调查个人和团体对耶稣之名的忠诚如何在四个不同的地理区域传播，即肯特郡，诺福克郡，诺丁汉郡和约克郡，并通过确定其传播所涉及的各种心理和交流过程，以及这些过程如何有助于解释其增长。它寻找个人和家庭对圣名忠诚的证据，以及更多以兄弟会和教区教堂和大教堂宗教仪式形式出现的团体关系，旨在确定哪些人促进了这些做法，以及哪些个人和社会团体采用了这些做法。这些人包括神职人员，包括主教、教区牧师、僧侣、修女和修士，以及不属于任何宗教团体的普通人。它使用了一系列证据，包括包含礼拜、祈祷、赞美诗和关于耶稣圣名的神学小册子的宗教书籍，临终遗愿记录了临终者对耶稣之名的支持，例如，以庆祝耶稣之名的弥撒的遗赠形式，以及教堂管理员的记录，提到了专门为耶稣之名设立的祭坛或耶稣兄弟会的活动。这项研究很重要，因为通过探索耶稣的名字在这一历史时期的特殊吸引力，它揭示了过去宗教信仰和实践的本质，以及为什么某些宗教思想和实践获得了广泛的关注。这在当今世界具有明显的当代意义，尽管西方世俗化，宗教继续在社会、文化和政治中发挥重要作用。这项研究也很重要，因为它有可能告诉我们宗教改革之前宗教的变化方式。这反过来又让我们了解了罗马天主教和16世纪新出现的新教形式的基督教是如何汲取中世纪晚期形成的思想和传统的，以及中世纪的遗产是如何将西方文化塑造到现代的。