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Mapping the Soviet: Cartography, Culture and Power from Lenin to Stalin, 1917-53

绘制苏联地图：从列宁到斯大林的制图、文化和权力，1917-53 年

基本信息

批准号：
AH/J00765X/1
负责人：
Nicholas Baron
金额：
$ 7.57万
依托单位：
University of Nottingham
依托单位国家：
英国
项目类别：
Fellowship
财政年份：
2012
资助国家：
英国
起止时间：
2012 至无数据
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=AH%2FJ00765X%2F1
关键词：
Mapping Soviet Cartography Culture Power

项目摘要

The Soviet regime attributed huge importance to geographical space as a factor which could make or break the post-revolutionary state and accordingly to the construction and control of spatial knowledge and representation. Maps played a crucial role in affirming and propagating the communist worldview: 'the map is almost as close to becoming the centre of the new Russian iconic cult as Lenin's portrait', noted a foreign visitor to Moscow in 1926. Equally, the regime recognized the importance of accurate surveys and maps for state-building, strategic planning and economic development. Soviet cartography bifurcated in two directions: one concerned with spatial 'myth-making', the other with constructing a 'scientific' account of space.Despite their 'iconic' status, Soviet maps have not yet attracted significant attention in historical research. This project offers the first integrated analysis of the political, social, economic, cultural and aesthetic dimensions of Soviet cartography. As well as strengthening scholarly understanding of Soviet history, it will contribute to a better appreciation of the role of map-making - understood as both a scientific-technical and socio-cultural practice - and of maps in the modern world. Its main academic output will be a monograph. I also aim to use my research to enhance wider public understanding of 20th century cartography and of what we can learn from maps about the science-culture nexus that moulds our modern reality. To this end, I shall seek to build on earlier collaborations with the British Library to organise an exhibition drawing on their vast map collections, accompanied by an events programme and resources to promote public engagement and to support delivery of relevant parts of the school curriculum.The monograph will have two parts. The first focuses on Soviet cartographic policy-making, planning and production. It examines, in particular, the contradictions and conflicts which the bifurcation between 'culture' and 'science' (or between 'ideology' and 'technology') produced within Soviet mapping agencies and among the surveyors and topographers, geodesists and geographers, artists and administrators, scholars, soldiers and secret policemen who shaped the development of post-revolutionary map-making.Part two places Soviet cartography in its cultural context. It explores the crucial role of Soviet mapping in the re-imagining of the world and re-creation of self and society that were at the heart of revolutionary aspirations. I argue that the Soviet regime used 'map culture' to create and inculcate a new vision of space that encompassed not only reconfigured political territories but a regenerated nature, including human nature, brought into harmony with society. Map-making itself, as a process combining science, technology and art, became both metaphor and model for the synthesis of rational method and aesthetic impulse that characterised revolutionary modernism and global modernity more generally; and the ability to read maps became a symbol of culturedness - even while all but the most generalised maps were hidden from view.This study is mainly based on recently declassified materials from Russian archives. As well as bureaucratic documents on policy, personnel, planning and production, the collections offer rich insights into, among other themes: map design, symbolism and content; teaching with maps and globes; map secrecy and censorship; topographical expeditions and fieldwork; the role of women in cartography; interactions with foreign mapping organisations; and political control and terror. The research is also grounded in critical analysis of a huge range of sheet maps, atlases and globes; of handbooks of map-making and map-reading; and of cartographic imagery and allusions in cultural media including literature, film, graphic arts (especially political posters), photography, architecture and urban planning, postcards and postage stamps.

苏维埃政权非常重视地理空间，认为它是一个可以建立或破坏后革命国家的因素，因此也非常重视空间知识和表征的构建和控制。地图在肯定和宣传共产主义世界观方面发挥了至关重要的作用：1926年，一位到莫斯科的外国游客指出，“地图几乎和列宁的肖像一样，成为俄罗斯新偶像崇拜的中心”。同样，该政权认识到准确的测量和地图对国家建设、战略规划和经济发展的重要性。苏联的地图学分为两个方向：一个关注空间的“神话制造”，另一个关注空间的“科学”描述。尽管苏联地图具有“标志性”的地位，但在历史研究中尚未引起足够的关注。该项目首次对苏联地图学的政治、社会、经济、文化和美学层面进行了综合分析。除了加强对苏联历史的学术理解外，它还将有助于更好地理解地图制作的作用-被理解为科学技术和社会文化实践-以及现代世界的地图。其主要学术成果将是一本专著。我还打算利用我的研究，以提高更广泛的公众对20世纪世纪制图的理解，以及我们可以从地图上了解到塑造我们现代现实的科学文化关系。为此，我将寻求与大英图书馆早期合作的基础上，组织一次展览，展示他们的大量地图收藏，同时举办一个活动计划和资源，以促进公众参与，并支持学校课程的相关部分。第一部分着重于苏联的制图决策、规划和生产。它特别考察了“文化”与“科学”的分歧所带来的矛盾和冲突（或“意识形态”和“技术”之间）在苏联测绘机构和测量员和地形学家，大地测量师和地理学家，艺术家和行政人员，学者，第二部分将苏联地图学置于其文化背景中。它探讨了苏联地图在重新想象世界和重新创造自我和社会中的关键作用，这些都是革命愿望的核心。我认为，苏维埃政权使用“地图文化”来创造和灌输一种新的空间观，不仅包括重新配置的政治领土，但再生的性质，包括人性，与社会和谐相处。地图制作本身，作为一个结合了科学、技术和艺术的过程，成为了理性方法和审美冲动的综合体的隐喻和模型，这是革命性现代主义和全球现代性的更普遍特征;阅读地图的能力成为了文化的象征--尽管除了最概括的地图之外，所有地图都被隐藏起来。除了关于政策、人事、规划和生产的官僚文件外，这些收藏品还提供了对以下主题的丰富见解：地图设计、象征意义和内容;地图和地球仪教学;地图保密和审查;地形考察和实地考察;妇女在制图中的作用;与外国制图组织的互动;以及政治控制和恐怖。该研究还基于对大量单张地图，地图集和地球仪的批判性分析;地图制作和地图阅读手册;以及文化媒体中的制图图像和典故，包括文学，电影，图形艺术（特别是政治海报），摄影，建筑和城市规划，明信片和邮票。